Lowlandic Cases
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Cases in Lowlandic are reflected through nouns, pronouns, and articles.
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 29 Mar 2017, 01:34.
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2. Lowlandic Cases
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In the nominative, one asks the question who.
The nominative is the direct object and lemma-form of the noun. Pretty much every sentence will have a nominative. Copular verbs will have nominative objects on both sides of the verb.
Ic bem a lod.
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument am a person NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
In the accusative, one asks whom.
The accusative is the direct object of the vast majority of verbs, and is a very common case to see.
A kneght dods oþeren feelmel in þem creeg.
one NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument kills 3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.PRSPresent tense (tense) other ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient many-times in this DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location war.
(In this war, the one soldier will kill another so many times.)
While pronouns and articles change to reflect the accusative, most nouns are identical in the accusative case. The only exception is the small set of weak nouns.
In the Dative, one asks to whom, in whom, etc.
The vast majority of prepostions take the dative, and some verbs like jernen, or helpen take a dative object.
Ic giv þeer a booc.
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument give to-you DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location a book ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.
(I give you a book)
In Englande wons þee man.
In England DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location lives 3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.PRSPresent tense (tense) the NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument man
(The man lives in England)
The dative case can also form a subject in certain verbs like "langwilen", "cweamen", and more.
Meer cweams þat booc.
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location like the NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument book
(I like the book/the book pleases me)
Any noun that doesn't end in "s" or "n" in the plural gets an "en" suffixed at the end of it, but that is very rare as most nouns end in "s" for the plural. Some nouns like land, lod, etc. also change to add an extra "e" in the dative (England -> Englande), and many of these such nouns are weak nouns and get their own section to discus how they work.
In the Genitive, one asks the question, of whom, or whose.
The genitive shows all possession, as well as links two nouns together in other cases where English would use "of". For example:
Ic nod a glas waters.
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument need PRSPresent tense (tense) a glass ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient water GENGenitive (case)
possessive
(I need a glass of water.)
Þes mans, aem, hús is greght.
The man's GENGenitive (case)
possessive house NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument is large.
Some verbs take a genitive object as well:
Þú geþancst mynes naemens!
2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you).NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument remember PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you) my GENGenitive (case)
possessive.MASCMasculine (gender)
masculine or male name GENGenitive (case)
possessive
The genitive case commmonly adds a "s" at the end of the word, much like the English 's, and in the plural it simply adds an aprostrophe.
Weak nouns are an interesting exception of the "rule" that most nouns do not themselves change much for case. These nouns kept their declension from the past, at least in part. Some are the same as the former English weak nouns; they all end in en/on in English; raven, dragon, heathen. Their Lowlandic counterparts are: reve, drace, heaþ. Lod and hage are also weak nouns. These nouns get an -en in the accusative and dative forms.
Almost all weak nouns are either masculine, except for one feminine weak noun; eeþexe (lizard).
Here is an example of how a standard weak noun will decline:
| NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument | ACCAccusative (case) TRANS direct object; patient | DATDative (case) indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location | GENGenitive (case) possessive | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SGSingular (number) one countable entity | þe eeþexe | þi eeþexen | þer eeþexen | þer eeþexes |
| PLPlural (number) more than one/few | þe eeþexes | þi eeþexes | þer eeþexes | þer eeþexes' |
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