Gutiskar Nouns and Declensions
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A quick overview of the declensions in Gutiskar
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 5 Dec 2018, 20:05.
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1. Derivation
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3. Gutiskar Adverbs
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5. Gutiskar Numerals
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6. Gutiskar Pronouns
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7. Gutiskar Tenses
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8. Gutiskar Verbs
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10. Table test
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Since Gutiskar is a rather conservative Germanic language, it has retained the full set of Proto-Germanic declensions, with a few simplifications and some levelling of the forms. The system preserved all five cases as well: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, and instrumental (which is falling out of use in the modern language). All nouns also decline for two numbers, singular and plural; and nouns belong to one of the three genders: masculine, feminine, or neuter.
Each noun also belongs to one of the eleven declensions.
Unlike most modern Germanic languages, Gutiskar lacks any kind of a definite or indefinite article (akin to Gothic). If the (in)definiteness needs to be emphasised, the demonstrative pronoun is used for definiteness and the numeral “one” is used to show indefiniteness.
Gender is generally independent from morphological rules. However, there are certain connections between the two.
| Declension | Gender | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Consonantal | any gender | root nouns, declensions identical |
| A-stem | masculine (ending in -ar) and neuter (anything else) | the most common type |
| O-stem | feminine (ending in -ó) | the feminine equivalent to the a-stem |
| I-stem | masculine and feminine (ending in -ur), and rarely neuter (zero-ending) | reasonably common |
| U-stem | fairly common | |
| AN-stem | masculine and (rarely) neuter (ending in -a) | common type |
| ON-stem | feminine (ending in -á) | the feminine equivalent of the an-stem |
| IN-stem | feminine (ending in -í) | abstract nouns, formed from adjectives |
| R-stem | masculine and feminine (ending in -ér) | limited to only five kinship terms |
| Z-stem | neuter (ending in -ar) | fairly rare |
| J-stem | feminine (ending in -í) | a small group |
The table below illustrates the typical endings of the nominal inflection:
| SINGULAR | Cons. | A-stem | O-stem | I-stem | U-stem | AN-stem | ON-stem | IN-stem | R-stem | Z-stem | J-stem |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -ar | -ar | -ó | -ur | -ur | -a | -á | -í | -ér | -ar | -í |
| Accusative | -Ø | -Ø | -Ø | -Ø | -Ø | -an | -on | -in | -er | -ar | -æ |
| Genitive | -is | -as | -os | -is | -as | -is | -os | -is | -us | -is | -øs |
| Dative | -i | -æ | -ø | -í | -ý | -in | -øn | -yn | -ri | -i | -ø |
| Instrumental | -é | -ó | -ó | -é | -ú | -é | -ǿ | -é | -ré | -é | -ǿ |
| PLURAL | |||||||||||
| Nominative | -ir | -or | -ar | -ir | -ir | -ær | -ør | -ir | -ir | -ró | -ǽr |
| Accusative | -yr | -ær | -or | -ír | -yr | -ǽr | -ǿ | -ír | -yr | -ró | -ǿr |
| Genitive | -á | -á | -á | -ǽ | -ǽ | -á | -ó | -á | -rá | -rá | -jǽ |
| Dative | -um | -am | -om | -im | -um | -am | -om | -am | -rum | -rum | -ǿm |
| Instrumental | -ym | -æm | -øm | -ím | -ym | -æm | -øm | -im | -rym | -rym | -ým |
This is a rather small group of nouns (specifically, it consists of 51 nouns). The majority of the noun decline regularly, with a few following a slightly different pattern, and one irregular noun.
| Case | Regular | Short dcl. | Irregular | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| alftar “swan” | mys “mouse” | táþ “tooth” | ||||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | alftar | alftir | mys | mysir | táþ | táþir |
| Accusative | alft | alftyr | mysyr | táþyr | ||
| Genitive | alftis | alftá | mysis | mysá | tundis | tundá |
| Dative | alfti | alftum | mysi | mysum | tundi | tundum |
| Instrumental | alfté | alftym | mysé | mysym | tundé | tundym |
The short declension includes the following nouns:
The a-stem declension has a few minor subtypes.
| AR-type | IR-type | Short (c.) | Short (i) | È-drop | U-drop | With -È | With -G | With -GJ | With -J | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| amsar | kunjar | fararir | anlit | mæri | avèl | øjstur | dágar | aplar | blý | ský | æðe | |
| “shoulder” | “family” | “traveller” | “face” | “boundary” | “might” | “east” | “dew” | “apple” | “colour” | “cloud” | “isthmus” | |
| SINGULAR | ||||||||||||
| Nominative | amsar | kunjar | fararir | anlit | mæri | avèl | øjstur | dágar | aplar | blý | ský | æðe |
| Accusative | ams | kuní | farari | dágè | apèl* | æðú | ||||||
| Genitive | amsas | kunjas | fararis | anlitis | mæris | avlis | øjstris | dágas | aplas | blygis | skygis | æðes |
| Dative | amsæ | kunjæ | fararæ | anlitæ | mærjæ | avlæ | øjstræ | dágæ | aplæ | blygæ | skygjæ | æðæ |
| Instrumental | amsó | kunjó | fararó | anlitó | mærjó | avló | øjstró | dágó | apló | blygó | skygjó | æðó |
| PLURAL | ||||||||||||
| Nominative | amsor | kunjor | fararør | anlitó | mærjó | avló | øjstró | dágor | aplor | blygó | skygjó | æðjó |
| Accusative | amsær | kunjær | fararær | dágær | aplær | |||||||
| Genitive | amsá | kunjá | farará | anlitá | mærjá | avlá | øjstrá | dágá | aplá | blygá | skygjá | æðjá |
| Dative | amsam | kunjam | fararam | anlitam | mærjam | avlam | øjstram | dágam | aplam | blygam | skygjam | æðjam |
| Instrumental | amsæm | kunjæm | fararæm | anlitæm | mærjæm | avlæm | øjstræm | dágæm | aplæm | blygæm | skygjæm | æðjæm |
*Note: this applies to all words that would end in -CCè (the ending becomes -CèC instead).
Two nouns should be pointed out here: ó “island” and á “river”. These two nouns are irregular and potentially confusing in their singular forms:
| Case | ó “island” | á “river” |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ó [ɔw] | á [aw] |
| Accusative | á [aw] | ó [ɔw] |
| Genitive | agos | aƕos |
| Dative | agø | aƕø |
| Instrumental | agó | aƕó |
Aa seen in the table, special attention has to paid to their singular forms in nominative and accusative. The other cases decline regularly, and the same applies to the plural forms as well.
The u-stem declension is similar to the i-stem declension. The vast majority of u-declension nouns are masculine, with a few neuter and even fewer feminine. Most of the nouns are also regular, with the neuter nouns following a slightly different declension paradigm (known as the short u-declension). There are a few other nouns that diverge from the regular paradigm.
| Case | Regular | Short (neuter) | Labio-velar | Irregular short | With ÈR-acc. | Irregular | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| hétur “dress” | líþ “cider” | ferhur “world” | bǿ “crop” | vintrur “winter” | vadjur “wall” | |||||||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | hétur | hétir | líþ | líþy | ferhur | ferƕir | bǿ | begy | vintrur | vintrir | vadjur | vadír |
| Accusative | hét | hétyr | ferh | ferhyr | vintèr | vintryr | væd | vadjyr | ||||
| Genitive | hétas | hétǽ | líþas | líþǽ | ferƕas | ferƕǽ | begas | begǽ | vintras | vintrǽ | vadjas | vadjǽ |
| Dative | hétý | hétum | líþý | líþum | ferhý | ferhum | begý | begum | vintrý | vintrum | vadjý | vadjum |
| Instrumental | hétú | hétym | líþú | líþym | ferhú | ferhym | begú | begym | vintrú | vintrym | vadjú | vadjym |
The short u-declension contains the following nouns:
The èr-accusative declensions consist of:
The r-stem declension is entirely regular and consists of only five kinship terms, all inherited directly from Proto-Indo-European via Proto-Germanic.
The terms are:
The z-stem declension also consists of only a small number of nouns. Its name is historical since there are no z's left in its declension (the Proto-Germanic *z had become r). Most of the nouns are regular, but there are a few irregular ones.
| Case | Regular | U-ablaut | I-umlaut | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| arvar “scar” | hrinþar “cattle” | remar “peace” | ||||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | arvar | arvró | hrinþar | hrundró | remar | rimró |
| Accusative | ||||||
| Genitive | arvis | arvá | hrundis | hrundá | rimis | rimá |
| Dative | arvi | arvrum | hrundi | hrundrum | rimi | rimrum |
| Instrumental | arvé | arvrym | hrundé | hrundrym | rimé | rimrym |
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