Table of Vrkhazhian roots and their meanings (1 of 3)
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Verbs
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Root | Basic meaning | Causative | Reflexive | Reflexive-Causative | Intensive |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ʾ-ž-l | missee | make missee | |||
ʾ-ž-š | burn [of food] | burn [food] | become burnt [of food] | ||
ʾ-k-l | play | make play | |||
ʾ-k-n | be green | make green | become green | ||
ʾ-l-d | guard [a settlement] | make guard [a settlement] | |||
ʾ-l-b | expose, humiliate | make expose, humiliate | expose, humiliate oneself | ||
ʾ-l-s | observe, survey | make observe, survey | |||
ʾ-l-l | see | show | reveal oneself | ||
ʾ-l-n | glimpse | make glimpse | |||
ʾ-l-š | detect, notice | make detect, notice | notice, detect oneself | ||
ʾ-m-l | watch [a performance], view | make watch, view | |||
ʾ-m-š | cook | make cook | cook [intr.] | ||
ʾ-ḡ-t | sail | make sail | |||
ʾ-p-ř | be certain | make certain | become certain | confirm, verify | |
ʾ-r-h | go east | make go east | |||
ʾ-š-h | burn [intr.] | burn | burn oneself | ||
ʾ-š-b | combust, be consumed by fire | combust [tr.], consume | |||
ʾ-š-s | incinerate, scorch | ||||
ʾ-š-n | smolder, glow | make smolder, glow | |||
ʾ-š-š | melt [intr.] | melt | become melted | ||
ʾ-š-č | to experience vicariously | make experience vicariously | |||
ʾ-w-d | be short | shorten, shrink | shrink oneself | ||
ʾ-z-r | focus, concentrate | catch s.o.'s attention | become focused, concentrated | ||
ʾ-ṉ-n | to go north | make go north | |||
ḵ-ḵ-p | impale, gore | make impale, gore | impale, gore oneself | ||
ḵ-ž-ṭ | clump together | clump together [intr.] | |||
ḵ-ž-p | miss | dodge | |||
ḵ-ṭ-h | orbit, go around | make orbit, go around | |||
ḵ-ṭ-b | smooth, refine | make smooth, refine | |||
ḵ-ṭ-s | roll | roll [intr.] | |||
ḵ-ṭ-ṭ | round | round [intr.] | become round | ||
ḵ-m-ṭ | knead [dough] | make knead | |||
ḵ-m-p | wound | make wound | wound [intr.] | ||
ḵ-p-b | mince | make mince | |||
ḵ-p-n | poke, peck | make poke, peck | |||
ḵ-p-p | stab | make stab | |||
ḵ-p-š | hook, fish | make hook ,fish | |||
ḵ-r-m | be white | whiten | become white | ||
v-ḵ-ž | be great, prominent | make great, prominent | become great, prominent | ||
h-ž-r | mispurify | make mispurify | become cursed | ||
h-ž-q | twist [a limb], twist to death [intr.] | twist to death | |||
h-m-r | be pure | consecrate | consecrate oneself | ||
h-m-q | drill | make drill | |||
h-r-b | destroy by purification, purge | ||||
h-r-s | be clean [abstract] | cleanse, absolve | cleanse, absolve oneself | become cleansed, absolved | |
h-r-n | be clean [concrete] | clean, bathe | clean, bathe oneself | become clean | |
h-r-š | purify | make purify | purify oneself | become purified | |
h-š-d | doublespeak | ||||
h-q-b | twist apart | make twist apart | twist apart [intr.] | ||
h-q-l | be yellow | make yellow | |||
h-q-š | fasten, tighten [with screws] | make fasten, tighten | fasten, tighten [like screws] | ||
h-q-q | twist | make twist | twist [intr.] | ||
d-ʾ-l | neglect | make neglect | neglect oneself | become neglected | |
d-ḵ-k | go south | make go south | |||
d-d-ž | rive | make rive | |||
d-d-l | burrow into, perforate | make burrow into, perforate | |||
d-d-n | burden | make burden | worry oneself | become worried | |
d-s-ṟ | do, act | activate, stimulate | activate oneself | ||
d-ž-b | disperse, scatter | make disperse, scatter | disperse, scatter [intr.] | become dispersed, scattered | |
d-ž-ž | separate, divide | make separate, divide | separate, divide [intr.] | become separated, divided | |
d-ž-k | split open, fissure | make split open, fissure | split open [intr.] | ||
d-ž-l | cave in | make cave in | |||
d-ž-n | crush | make crush | crush [intr.] | ||
d-ž-š | isolate oneself | ostracize | |||
d-l-b | excavate, dig around | make excavate, dig around | |||
d-l-l | dig | make dig | dig oneself | ||
d-l-n | brush away [dirt] | make brush away [dirt] | |||
d-l-š | carve out | embed | become embedded | ||
d-m-ž | quarantine | quarentine | become quarentined | ||
d-m-l | doubt, be uncertain | make uncertain | doubt oneself | become uncertain | |
d-m-n | sleep | lull | lull oneself | ||
d-n-b | trample on | make trample on | |||
d-n-n | be heavy | make heavy | become heavy | ||
d-n-š | drag one's heels, trudge | hale, bring by force | |||
ẕ-v-m | bleed for a while [intr.] | bleed for a while | |||
ẕ-ẕ-m | bleed intensely [intr.] | bleed intensely | |||
ẕ-ž-m | bleed to death [intr.] | bleed to death | |||
ẕ-y-m | be crimson | make crimson | become crimson | ||
ẕ-g-g | lament, regret | make lament, regret | |||
ẕ-m-h | bleed [intr.] | bleed | |||
ẕ-m-b | gush [blood] | make gush [blood] | |||
ẕ-m-n | bleed a little [intr.] | bleed a little | |||
ẕ-m-š | bleed internally [intr.] | bleed internally | |||
b-d-h | read | make read | |||
b-d-n | skim | make skim | |||
b-d-š | infer, analyze | make infer, analyze | |||
b-b-d | research | make research | |||
b-b-l | execute | make execute | |||
b-ž-d | misread | make misread | |||
b-ž-l | doom, curse | make doom, curse | become cursed | ||
b-y-r | be grey | make grey | become grey | ||
b-g-z | be renowned, famous | make renowned, famous | become renowned, famous | ||
b-l-h | punish, orbit | make punish, orbit | punish oneself | ||
b-l-n | admonish, scold | make admonish, scold | |||
b-l-š | self-flagellate | ||||
b-m-d | be wise | make wise | become wise | ||
b-m-l | flog | make flog | self-flagellate | ||
b-ḡ-t | swim | make swim | |||
b-r-m | glorify | make glorify | become glorified | ||
b-f-d | oblige, compel | make oblige, compel | |||
b-š-d | speak formally | ||||
b-q-s | be superior, be better | improve | improve oneself | ||
s-v-m | be long-lived | make long-lived | become long-lived | ||
s-v-n | work | enslave | become enslaved | hammer away | |
s-d-n | be affectionate, have a crush | make affectionate | become affectionate | ||
s-d-š | fall in love | make fall in love | |||
s-ẕ-k | complete, finish | make complete, finish | perfect oneself | ||
s-b-b | kill | make kill | commit suicide | ||
s-b-n | kill [s.o.'s hopes, dreams, spirit] | crush one's own spirit | |||
s-b-š | commit suicide [literary] | drive to suicide | become driven to suicide | ||
s-s-d | idolize | make idolize | idolize oneself | become idolized | |
s-s-b | slaughter, massacre | make slaughter, massacre | decimate | ||
s-s-l | take, grab, seize, get | make take, grab, seize | take oneself | ||
s-s-m | survive, make a living | ||||
s-s-n | operate, do surgery | make operate, do surgery | do surgery on oneself | ||
s-s-ḡ | age rapidly | make age rapidly | |||
s-s-č | react [of atoms] | react [atoms] | |||
s-ž-d | pine | make pine | |||
s-ž-b | accidentally kill | make accidentally kill | win the Darwin Award | become victimized | |
s-ž-l | take accidentally | ||||
s-ž-m | live poorly | make live poorly | |||
s-ž-n | be overworked | overwork | overexert oneself | become overworked | |
s-ž-ḡ | grow old | make grow old | |||
s-l-d | love | make love | |||
s-l-b | starve | make starve | starve [intr.] | ||
s-l-l | hold [s.t.], halt, stop [intr.] | halt, stop | stop oneself | ||
s-l-š | hold in, repress | make hold in, repress | become held in, repressed | ||
s-m-b | be disorganized | disrupt, disorganize | become disorganized, confused | ||
s-m-b | poison | make poison | poison oneself | pollute | |
s-m-l | imprison, limit | make imprison, limit | imprison, limit oneself | ||
s-m-m | live, exist | animate, revive | animate, revive [intr.] | ||
s-m-ḡ | ferment [intr.] | ferment | become fermented | ||
s-m-š | live, inhabit | settle | settle oneself, colonize | ||
s-m-č | glue | make glue | glue onto | ||
s-n-b | hold apart, break up [a fight] | become held apart | |||
s-n-k | reach with arms outstretched | ||||
s-n-n | accept with both hands | ||||
s-n-š | wear on the hands | make wear on the hands | become worn on the hands | ||
s-ḡ-b | decay, rot [literary] | make decay, rot [literary] | become decayed, rotted | ||
s-ḡ-l | be old | make old | become old | ||
s-ḡ-n | mature | make mature | come of age | ||
s-t-p | try, attempt | test, challenge | test, challenge oneself | ||
s-č-n | append, add | make add, append | summarize | ||
s-č-š | fasten, fix in place | fasten, fix in place [intr.] | |||
s-č-č | connect, attach, join | make connect, attach, join | connect, attach, join [intr.] | ||
s-ř-t | be in middle of, intercept | make in middle of, intercept | |||
s-ḥ-k | be brown | make brown | become brown | ||
s-q-r | teach [abstract] | make teach | teach oneself | ||
ž-ž-l | repay | make repay | |||
ž-ž-n | judge, decree, convict | make judge, decree, convict | judge oneself | ||
ž-l-l | thank | make thank | |||
ž-l-n | acknowledge, respect | make acknowledge, respect | acknowledge oneself | become acknowledged | |
ž-m-l | be in debt, owe a favour | make in debt, owe a favour | become indebted | debt bind | |
ž-m-n | strategize | make strategize | |||
ž-n-k | pick out [s.t.] | make pick out [s.t.] | |||
ž-n-n | choose, decide | make choose, decide | |||
ž-n-š | reason, think by logic | make reason, think by logic | |||
y-h-h | be | create, visualize | visualize oneself | ||
y-h-r | rain | make rain | rain [intr.] | pour, hail | |
y-ž-l | distort | make distort | distort [intr.] | ||
y-k-h | enter | make enter | withdraw into [s.t.] | become introverted | |
y-l-k | happen, occur, take place | arrange, make happen | |||
y-l-l | shape, mold, form | make shape, mold, form | shape, mold, form oneself | ||
y-m-l | sculpt | make sculpt | |||
y-m-ḡ | vibrate [intr.] | vibrate | |||
y-ḡ-b | shake apart [intr.] | shake apart | |||
y-ḡ-s | quake, shake [of earth] | quake, shake [the earth] | |||
y-ḡ-k | sift | make sift | sift [intr.] | become sifted | |
y-ḡ-n | shudder [intr.] | make shudder | |||
y-ḡ-ḡ | shake, tremble [intr.] | shake, make tremble | |||
y-p-d | to die for a cause | martyr | martyr oneself | ||
k-ḵ-ṭ | encircle, surround, enclose | make surround, enclose | surround oneself (with things) | ||
k-s-ḡ | begin, start | encourage, initiate | encourage oneself | ||
k-ž-l | praise, applaud | make praise, applaud | praise oneself | ||
k-ž-f | receive [the wrong item] | give [the wrong item] | |||
k-l-d | station, post | make station, post | station, post oneself | ||
k-m-f | barter | make barter | |||
k-n-b | help, assist | make help, assist | help, assist oneself | ||
k-ḡ-d | sing | make sing | sing to oneself | ||
k-j-m | support | make support | support oneself | ||
k-r-ž | ponder, considered | make ponder, consider | |||
k-f-h | exchange | make exchange | |||
k-f-b | run out [of a supply] | seige, make run out | |||
k-f-n | offer | make offer | offer oneself | ||
k-f-š | buy, purchase | make buy, purchase | buy one's freedom | ||
k-f-č | sell | make sell | sell oneself | ||
k-š-d | orate, preach, address | make orate, preach, address | preach to the choir | ||
k-š-m | build, construct [concrete] | make build, construct | build, construct oneself | ||
k-t-p | bite, crunch | make bite, crunch | bite oneself | clamp down | |
k-ḥ-l | flatten | make flatten | flatten [intr.] | ||
g-ž-l | miss, overlook | bribe | |||
g-ž-z | loom | make loom | |||
g-g-l | search, frisk | make search, frisk | search oneself | ||
g-g-z | be chief, principle | make chief, principle | become chief, principle | ||
g-l-l | look | make look | look at oneself | ||
g-l-š | investigate, inquire | make investigate, inquire | |||
g-m-l | stare, linger at | make stare, linger at | stare, linger at oneself | ||
g-m-z | pioneer | make pioneer | |||
g-z-b | be notorious, infamous | make notorious, infamous | become notorious | ||
g-z-n | be acknowledged | make acknowledged | become acknowledged | ||
g-z-š | be credible, reliable | make credible, reliable | become credible, reliable | ||
g-z-z | be important, significant | make important, significant | become important, significant | ||
l-ʾ-k | be able to | enable | enable oneself | ||
l-d-d | protect, shield | make protect, shield | protect oneself | ||
l-d-b | kill in defense | make kill in defense | |||
l-d-n | save [someone] | make save [someone] | save oneself | ||
l-d-š | close oneself off emotionally | ||||
l-d-ś | enter, go in | make enter, go in | fly into | ||
l-ẕ-ẕ | break, strike, hit | make break, strike, hit | break [intr.] | ||
l-ẕ-b | shatter, splinter, shiver [intr.] | shatter, splinter, shiver | atomize [intr.] | ||
l-ẕ-k | break out, set free, emancipate | break out, break free | become emancipated | ||
l-ẕ-n | crack | make crack | crack, fracture [intr.] | ||
l-ẕ-š | damage, injure, harm | ||||
l-ž-d | protect poorly | ||||
l-ž-ẕ | fracture [a bone] | make fracture [a bone] | fracture [of a bone] | ||
l-ž-g | spoil [of food], displace | make displace | become displaced | ||
l-ž-ḥ | lose one's temper | make lose one's temper | |||
l-g-b | disfigure, mar, spoil [food] | disfigure, mar oneself | become disfigured, marred | ||
l-g-g | change, alter | make change, alter | change, alter, switch [intr.] | become different | |
l-g-n | move | make move | go, move [intr.] | advance [intr.] | |
l-g-f | transmute [objects] | make transmute [objects] | transmuted [of objects] | become transmuted | |
l-g-š | substitute, switch | make substitute, switch | switch [intr.] | make [s.o. else] switch | |
l-l-d | take a stand, hold out, hold back | make hold out, hold back | |||
l-l-ẕ | smash, ram | make smash, ram | smash [intr.] | become damaged | pulverize |
l-l-g | transform, metamorphose [intr.] | transform | adapt [intr.] | ||
l-l-ḥ | brawl, clash | make brawl, clash | |||
l-m-d | guard [an individual] | make guard [an individual] | |||
l-m-ẕ | buffet [of wind and waves] | make buffet | become buffeted | ||
l-m-g | adapt [intr.] | adapt | become adapted |
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