Derivative affixes
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List of Mulvaise derivative affixes and their meaning
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 23 Dec 2023, 22:33.
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This is just meant as a list of derivative affixes and their meaning, both those also in the dictionary and others. On the whole suffixes tend to change which part of speech the word is and are limited to f.ex. making nouns out of verbs or verbs out of nouns. Prefixes on the other hand can be used indiscriminately to make any part of speech although different prefixes are more or less common for different part of speech. [top]From nouns
-es becoming or make something the noun
-es can be used to make regular verbs that are both transitive and intransitive from both nouns and adjectives although it is more common for adjectives. Verbs ending in -es mean becoming the root when intransitive and make something the root when transitive:
- sjúnal > sjúnales (a slave > to enslave)
- brúti > brúties (butter > make butter)
- sáfu > sáfues (gold > gild (cover in gold))
- kée > kéees (autumn > become autumn)
- síkia > síkiaes (friend > befriend)
-s/-us like or similar to the noun
-s is similar to English -ish or -ly and can be used to make adjectives:
- sáfu > sáfus (gold > golden (in colour))
- hési > híára hésis (geothermal water > sulphur (híára is a stone or mineral))
- síkia > síkias (friend > friendly, helpful)
- dlúmrå > dlúmrås (curve > curvy)
-s is used when the noun ends in a vowel and -us when it ends in a consonant.
-ånl made of the noun
-ånl like -s can be used to make adjectives. These adjectives mean made of the root:
- sáv > sávånl (gold > made of gold)
- kást > kástånl (tree > wooden)
-gab collective
-gab comes from the word gab which meant all/whole but has fallen out of use. It is used to form collectives. These are animate nouns:
- kást > kástgab (tree > forest)
- úge > úgegab (mountain > mountain range)
-ånte/-esal people from nouns
There is no difference in meaning between -ånte and -esal, both mean people from the root similar to Icelandic -ingur. -ånte makes nouns where the basic form is female and -esal nouns where the basic form is masculine. Most nouns (which take either one at all) take one or the other but some take both, sometimes as the female and masculine form and sometimes with different meaning:
- kója > kójaesal (lake > merpeople)
- kástgab > kástgabesal (forest > thief (since thieves are seen as living in the woods))
- kástgab > kástgabånte (forest > priest (since most priests actually live in the forests))
-losm/-kåsk diminutive/augmentative
-losm is diminutive and -kåsk is augmentative, both of which produce animate nouns if used on inanimate or animate nouns. If used on human (feminine/masculine) nouns -kysk produce nouns where the basic form is female and -losm nouns where the basic form is masculine.
- náso > násolosm (river > stream, creek)
- péra > pérakåsk (knife > sword)
- sénru > sénrukåsk (wind > storm)
-l use noun
-l can be used to make regular verbs that mean using the root or doing something with the root.
- áko > ákol (small fire > kindle/tend to a fire)
- fénu > fénul (knife > cut)
- mída > mídal (coin > pay)
- kémo > kémol (hammer (n) > hammer (v))
[top]From verbs
-esan make someone/something do verb
-esan is a causative. If used on intransitive verbs it turns them into transitive verbs, but its use is not restricted to intransitive verbs:
- krák > krákesan (drink > feed (a baby or small animal that can't yet eat solid food))
- létr > létresan (break into pieces, crumble (on its own) > break into pieces, crumble (someone does it to something else))
- bór > bóresan (lie (be located) > lay, put (into a place))
- máf > máfesan (sleep > fall asleep, lull to sleep)
-al the place to verb
-al is used to make inanimate nouns that mean the place to do the root or something that does or is used to do the root:
- dóf > dófal (live (make residence) > house (for living in))
- kójal > kójalal (to water > liquid)
- fég > fégal (to farm > a farm)
- rísg > rísgal (boil > kettle)
- krúsd > krúsdal (work > tool)
-el the place to verb
-el is almost the same as -al except it is more abstract:
- dóf > dófel (live (make residence) > home)
- rísg > rísgel (boil > cooking fire)
- tásj > tásjel (dance > celebration)
- nój > nójel (dream > sleep)
-/-ia doer of verb
Both of these mean someone who does the verb, similar to English -er, German -er or Icelandic -ari, but can only ever mean a human. -ia produces nouns where the basic form is female and - ones where the basic form is masculine. Which one is used depends on the verb. One syllable verbs always take -ia, as do compound verb where the last part is one syllable. Verbs with more syllables (i.e. those that end in verbalising affixes) most often take -.:
- sjúnal > sjúnal (to toil, to labour > a slave)
- bláel > bláel (tell a story > storyteller)
- halétresan > halétresan (to mill > miller)
- híf > hífia (to sing > a singer)
- brósn > brósnia (to fight (physically) > warrior)
- fébr > fébria (own > owner)
-si result of verb or the act of verb
-si makes a inanimate noun and means the act of the verb or the result of the verb:
- dóf > dófsi (live (make residence) > family, household)
- máf > máfsi (to sleep > sleep)
- brí > brísi (to hear > hearing)
- sjúnal > sjúnalsi (to toil, to labour > exhaustion)
- blún > blúnsi (to kiss > a kiss)
-sis the state of doing or having done the verb
-sis makes an adjective with the meaning of being in the state of doing the verb or already having done the verb, in many cases this meaning is similar to the present particle or past particle of verbs in germanic languages:
- fróí > fróísis (to grow up, to mature > grown-up, mature, adult (adjective))
- féúd > féúdsis (to watch, to look > careful, aware, alert)
- kónr > kónrsis (to wash > clean, pure)
- húá > húásis (to know > known)
- gróm > grómsis (to be awake > awake)
Often adjectives that end in -sis aren’t derived directly from the verb, but rather from a noun derived from the verb:
- mäáp > mäápsi > mäápsis (to fear > fear > afraid)
- sásn > sásnsi > sásnsis (to dim, to darken > twilight > dim)
- mlí > mlísi > mlísis (to hurt, to cause pain (physical) > pain (physical) > hurting, in pain (physical))
- máf > máfsi > máfsis (to sleep > sleep > asleep)
-af able to verb
-af makes adjectives that mean being able to do the root.
- trán > tránaf (move > alive)
- haásbesan > haásbesanaf (to kill > deadly)
- brósn > brósnaf (to fight (physically) > strong (physically))
- múl > múlaf (say > knows how to speak (Múlel))
[top]From adjectives
-es becoming or make something the adjective
-es can be used to make regular verbs that are both transitive and intransitive from both nouns and adjectives although it is more common for adjectives. Verbs ending in -es mean becoming the root when intransitive and make something the root when transitive:
- mín > mínes (old > grow old / make old)
- sás > sáses (blue > become blue / make (dye) blue)
-ek adjectiveness
-ek encodes the act of being the root, like English -ness or German -keit. It makes inanimate nouns:
- mín > mínek (old > oldness)
- skók > skókek (cold > coldness)
- ýst > ýstek (similar > similarity)
-an adjectiveness
-an turns the adjective into noun. It makes inanimate nouns:
- mín > mínan (old > age)
- sás > sásan (blue > the colour blue)
- fíýs > fíýsan (south (adjective) > south (noun))
-al doing something in a adjective way
-al is a rather uncommon suffix for adjectives and means doing something in a adjective way when used for them. It makes regular verbs:
- sjún > sjúnal (difficult > toil, labour)
- fást > fástal (two > say/do something twice)
- mém > mémal (light > being blown away (by the wind))
-/-ia someone who is adjective
-/-ia works the same way for adjective as it does for verbs.
- dénr > dénria (related > relative)
- ímr > ímria (big, large > adult)
[top]Side-note about adverbs
All adjectives can be made into adverbs by sticking them in-between a verb and its personal pronoun clitic.
[top]Prefixes that can be used to make words in more than one part of speech
ha- very
ha- makes a word more intense:
- rísi > harísi (light > sun)
- hérek > hahérek (goodness > music)
- trán > hatrán (move > to live (being alive))
- míl > hamíl (smile > laugh)
tå- un-/not
tå- turns words into antonyms.
- húásis > tåhúásis (known (famous) > unknown (very much not famous))
- däfi > tådäfi (useful plant > weed (not the drug), non-useful plant)
- äst > tåäst (similar > different)
- trúsd > tåtrúsd (freeze > thaw)
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