Naduta basic verb conjugation
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A description of the most basic elements of Naduta verbs
This public article was written by [Deactivated User] on 8 Nov 2016, 12:50.
[comments] ndtverbconjugation
1. Applicative
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2. Grammar temp
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3. Modals in Naduta
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11. Naduta Phonology
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13. Naduta Pronouns
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14. Naduta Verb Root Forms
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15. Naduta Verbal Aspect
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18. Transitivity
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Naduta verbs agree with their subjects in person and number, though not in gender. This agreement is accomplished by means of suffixes that undergo relatively little change in form across different verb stems. Following are the personal endings:| personal endings | singular | plural |
|---|---|---|
| first person | ||
| second person | ||
| third person |
The second person plural ending acquires an epenthetic /u/ when following stems that end in /ɾ/, while the third person plural also acquires an epenthetic /u/ when following a stem ending in any consonant. The endings -ri and -ra also merge with stem-final /ɾ/, resulting in -tri and -tra. Phonetic variation of personal endings is not represented in the script.
In writing, personal endings are normally appended directly to the stem, e .g. 話c kugu, 話dm kurma, but when the stem glyph has an open space in the bottom right, the personal ending appears there. If the subject is plural, the plural marker will appear after it: 告W menugu, 告Xd menurmu.
Negatives are formed via the negative suffix 不 -buru, which appears immediately after the personal endings, which in writing appear below the negative sign, e.g. 不M -mu-buru, 不C -gu-buru, 不Nd -(u)tra-buru. Note the placement of the plural sign.
Interrogatives are formed with the suffix i -san, which appears after the personal and negative endings. In the script, the sign for -san appears under the personal endings, or the negative when it is present, e.g. G -gu-san, H -ra-san,
Id -(u)rmu-san, J -buru-san
The past tense is marked with the preverbal clitic 了 tah-.
The following examples demonstrate the morphological and orthographic forms:
Vowel-stem verb: 読 du- "to read"
| affirmative | singular | plural |
|---|---|---|
| first person | ||
| second person | ||
| third person | ||
| negative | singular | plural |
| first person | ||
| second person | ||
| third person | ||
| affirmative interrogative | singular | plural |
| first person | ||
| second person | ||
| third person | ||
| negative interrogative | singular | plural |
| first person | ||
| second person | ||
| third person | ||
| past affirmative | singular | plural |
| first person | ||
| second person | ||
| third person |
Vowel-stem verb: 完 gir- "to complete"
| affirmative | singular | plural |
|---|---|---|
| first person | ||
| second person | ||
| third person | ||
| negative | singular | plural |
| first person | ||
| second person | ||
| third person | ||
| affirmative interrogative | singular | plural |
| first person | ||
| second person | ||
| third person | ||
| negative interrogative | singular | plural |
| first person | ||
| second person | ||
| third person | ||
| past affirmative | singular | plural |
| first person | ||
| second person | ||
| third person |
Naduta verbs also conjugate into non-finite forms, the most important of which are the gerund and the adverbial participle. Neither of these forms conjugates for person, though the adverbial participle conjugates for tense and polarity.
The gerund is formed simply by declining the stem as a known gender noun. Vowel stem verbs take the -n pattern, while consonant stems generally take the -ne pattern. A subset of eliding stems take the -en pattern, which, apart from this unique nominative singular ending, is otherwise identical to the -un pattern. For more information on noun declension, see the article Naduta gender and case.
The adverbial participle is a frequently occurring form used to subordinate a clause without employing a conjunction. It is formed with the suffix 角 -wa. When this suffix is added to stems ending in /u/, the /u/ of the stem and the /w/ of the suffix are both dropped. However, for stems ending in /uu/, only the last /u/ of the stem is dropped, while the /w/ of the suffix remains intact.
Negative verbs may also be adverbialized, by applying the adverbial suffix to the negative suffix (applying the same sound change rule described above), i.e. * -bura (-buru + -wa). In place of the personal endings, the verb takes the linking suffix -a
The following table outlines all the various forms:
| example finite form | gerund | adverbial participle |
|---|---|---|
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