Case particles in Žikku Wooha
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How case particles work
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 25 May 2022, 17:01.
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Case particles are one of the three categories of particles in Žikku Wooha, along with conjunctive and sentence ending particles. As their names suggest, case particles are noun and pronoun modifiers which help establish the function of said words in a sentence. Case particles are always written as a suffix of the word it's modifying.
| Case | Particle |
| Nominative | ën/n |
| Accusative | oru/ru |
| Dative | me |
| Genitive | re |
| Allative | ji |
| Locative | chëo |
| Instrumental | chiri/chëo |
| Comitative | nori |
| Ablative | hay |
| Terminative | gow |
We use the nominative case to mark the subject of a sentence. "Ën" is used when the noun ends with a consonant, and "n" when the noun ends with a vowel.
Examples:
Irungkit — Fox
Irungkichën kuuyang yaw.
fox.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument cute.adjective-marker be.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'
The fox is cute.
Kawchishë — Breakfast
Kawchishën ussabing yada.
morning.meal.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument delicious.adjective-marker be.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action
Breakfast was delicious.
We use the accusative case to mark the direct object of a sentence. "Oru" is used when the noun ends with a consonant, and "ru" when the noun ends with a vowel.
Examples:
Iraykar — Salmon
Onnen iraykaroru kunjëda.
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument salmon.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient catch.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action
I caught a salmon.
Odanagi — Giant squid
Ewaykan odanagiru horokaw.
whale.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument big.squid.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient fight.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'
The whale fights a giant squid.
The only pronouns where accusative case is not marked are those that express quantities.
Dahare — Everything
Onnen dahare rangew.
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument everything see.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'
I see everything.
We use the dative case to mark the indirect object of a sentence. Dative nouns usually go before accusative nouns.
Examples:
Wayuna — Animal
Onabin wayuname hažikonaru awkew.
human.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument animal.DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location eat.GERGerund
verbal noun.thing.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient give.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'
The person gives the animal food.
Han — Man
Chuen hanme baanaru atarada.
woman.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument man.DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location flower.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient gift.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action
The woman gave the man a flower.
We use the genitive case to mark the possessor of a noun or the subject in a relative clause. "Ore" is used if the noun ends with a plosive or with "r", and "re" in any other cases.
Examples as a possessor marker:
Shipët — Girl
Shipëtore ruruko.
girl.GENGenitive (case)
possessive dandelion
The girl's dandelion.
Ku — Island
Kure rakko.
island.GENGenitive (case)
possessive village
The island's village.
Examples as a subject marker:
Hira — She/he/it
Hirare bukada hažikonan ussabing yada.
3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.GENGenitive (case)
possessive prepare.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action eat.GERGerund
verbal noun.thing.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument delicious.adjective-marker be.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action
The food they prepared was delicious.
Iku — You
Ikure sayaw onabin osarang yaw.
2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you).GENGenitive (case)
possessive love.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete' human.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument nice.adjective-marker be.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'
The person you love is nice.
We use the allative case to mark motion towards the noun it modifies.
Examples:
Hanë — Valley
Onnen hanëji naraw.
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument valley.ALLAllative (case)
'to, onto' go.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'
I go to the valley.
Hasar — Mountain
Ikun hasarji karada.
2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you).NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument mountain.ALLAllative (case)
'to, onto' come.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action
You came to the mountain.
We use the locative case to mark location where the action takes place. Locative nouns usually go right after nominative nouns.
Examples:
Sagi — Home
Onnen sagichëo terebishiru rangëda.
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument home.LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc television.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient see.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action
I watched television at home.
Unaw — Garden
Ayrun unawchëo shubaw.
1PFirst person plural (person)
we (inclusive or exclusive).NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument garden.LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc play.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'
We play in the garden
We use the instrumental case to mark the tool or the mean through which an action is done. "Chëo" is used for any means of transportation, and "chiri" in every other case. Instrumental nouns usually go right after locative or nominative nouns.
Examples with chëo:
Ngara — Ship
Onnen ngarachëo Peruji yokanew.
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument ship.INSTRInstrumental (case)
'with' 'using' Peru.ALLAllative (case)
'to, onto' travel.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'
I travel to Peru by ship.
Bas — Bus
Nangken baschëo sagiji nochërëda.
2PSecond person plural (person)
addressee (plural).NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument bus.INSTRInstrumental (case)
'with' 'using' home.ALLAllative (case)
'to, onto' return.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action
You returned home by bus.
Examples with chiri:
Do — Hand
Ikun dochiri chinre paykiru bukada.
2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you).NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument hand.INSTRInstrumental (case)
'with' 'using' this.GENGenitive (case)
possessive cake.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient prepare.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action
I prepared this cake with my hands.
Chëhey — Arrow
Hanën chëheychiri yëkëru okarjëda.
man.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument arrow.INSTRInstrumental (case)
'with' 'using' fish.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient kill.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action
The man killed the fish with an arrow.
We use the comitative case to mark with whom the action takes place.
Examples:
Iku — You
Onnen ikunori hikkirji naraw.
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument 2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you).COMComitative (case)
'together with' park.ALLAllative (case)
'to, onto' go.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'
I go to the park with you.
Nanna — Mother
Onnere nannanori yoasshëru hadew.
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.GENGenitive (case)
possessive mother.COMComitative (case)
'together with' night.meal.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient eat.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'
I eat dinner with my mother.
We use the ablative case to mark motion from or away from the noun it modifies.
Examples:
Messhiko — Mexico
Hiran Messhikohay karaw.
3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument Mexico.ABLAblative (case)
away from come.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'
They come from Mexico.
Rewka — They
Onnen rewkahay kadoru pažëda.
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument 3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them.ABLAblative (case)
away from book.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient receive.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action
I received a book from them.
We use the terminative case to mark the goal or target of an action, or at which point in time or space does the action end. Terminative nouns usually follow ablative nouns.
Examples:
Hikkir — Park
Irun ayrure ikarhay hikkirgow wakarëda.
2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you).NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument 3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them.GENGenitive (case)
possessive house.ABLAblative (case)
away from park.TERMTerminative (case)
'up to [this point]' walk.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action
You walked from our house to the park.
Kawchi — Morning
Onnen kawchigow nibaw.
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument morning.TERMTerminative (case)
'up to [this point]' sleep.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'
I will sleep until morning. ✎ Edit Article ✖ Delete Article
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