South Osveraali: grammatical changes
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This public article was written by [Deactivated User] on 14 Mar 2019, 07:55. Editing of this article is shared with Osveraalists.
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<h1>Grammatical changes</h1>
<h2>Ablaut</h2>
<p>
Ablaut occurs in the nominal declension and takes the form of raising or diphthongisation.
</p>
| Short vowels | Long vowels | ||
| a | e | a: | aɑ |
| ɐ | ə | ɐ: | aɑ |
| ɑ | ɤ | ɑ: | aɑ |
| ɒ | o | ɒ: | aɑ |
| æ | i | ||
| ɛ | i | ɛ: | ie |
| œ | y | œ: | œa |
| ʌ | ɯ | ||
| ɔ | u | ||
| ə | ɨ | ə: | ɨə |
| e | i | ||
| ø | y | ||
| ɤ | ɯ | ɤ: | ɤɑ |
| o | u | o: | oɑ |
| ɪ | i | ||
| ʏ | y | ||
| ʊ | u | ||
| i | ɨ | i: | ɨə |
| y | ʉ | y: | ʉə |
| ɨ | ɨ | ɨ: | ɨə |
| ʉ | ʉ | ʉ: | ʉə |
| ɯ | ɨ | ɯ: | ɨə |
| u | ʉ | u: | ʉə |
<h2>Nouns</h2>
<p>
The following paradigms spread to long and short vowels as well. SO preserves all cases and the transnumeral. A common proces is vowel copying, where the stem vowel is duplicated and appears after the suffix.
</p>
<h3>Singular paradigm</h3>
| 1 | 2 | 3a | 3b | |
| final nulled cons. and fric.raising vowel <p> (jîx) | final nulled cons. and no fric. raising <p> (ôç) | final nonnulled and raising <p> (jîp) | final nonnulled cons. <p> (vôp) | |
| NOM | - | - | - | - |
| ACC | Vn | -n | -On (f) | -On (f) |
| GEN | Vs | -s | -Os (f) | -Os (f) |
| ALL | -v, delete final | -v | -á | :-á |
| ADE | -g, delete final | -g | -ag | :-ag |
| ABL | -l, delete final | -l | -al | :-al |
| ILL | -Vv | ablaut, -v | -Ó (f) | :-Ó (f) |
| INE | -Vg | ablaut, -g | -Og (f) | :-Og (f) |
| ELA | -Vl | ablaut, -l | -Ol (f) | :-Ol (f) |
| ABE | -x, delete final | ablaut, -x | -Ox (f) | -Ox (f) |
| COM | .-' delete final | ablaut, -' | -O' (f) | :-O' (f) |
<h3>Plural paradigm</h3>
| 1 | 2 | 3a | 3b | |
| final nulled cons. and fric.raising vowel <p> (jîx) | final nulled cons. and no fric. raising <p> (ôç) | final nonnulled and raising <p> (jîp) | final nonnulled cons. <p> (vôp) | |
| NOM | - | - | -Ú (f) | :-Ú (f) |
| ACC | -VnU (f) | -nU (f) | -Un (f) | :-Un (f) |
| GEN | -VsU (f) | -sU (f) | -Us (f) | :-Us (f) |
| ALL | -vU (f), del. final | -vU (f) | -āvU (f) | :-āvU (f) |
| ADE | -gU (f), del. final | -gU (f) | -āgU (f) | :-āgU (f) |
| ABL | -lU (f), del. final | -lU (f) | -ālU (f) | :-ālU (f) |
| ILL | -VvU (f) | ablaut, -vU (f) | -ÓvU (f) | :-ÓvU (f) |
| INE | -VgU (f) | ablaut, -gU (f) | -ÓgU (f) | :-ÓgU (f) |
| ELA | -VlU (f) | ablaut, -lU (f) | -ÓlU (f) | :-ÓlU (f) |
| ABE | -xU (f), del. final | ablaut, -xU (f) | -OxU (f) | :-OxU (f) |
| COM | -U' (f) | ablaut, -' | -Ó' (f) | :-Ó' (f) |
<h3>Transnumeral paradigm</h3>
<p>
The copied vowel in the 1st and 2nd declension is the base vowel, not the ablauted one.
</p>
| 1 | 2 | 3a | 3b | |
| final nulled cons. and fric.raising vowel <p> (jîx) | final nulled cons. and no fric. raising <p> (ôç) | final nonnulled and raising <p> (jîp) | final nonnulled cons. <p> (vôp) | |
| NOM | ablaut | ablaut | -a | :-a |
| ACC | ablaut, -Vn | ablaut, -n | -an | :-an |
| GEN | ablaut, -Vs | ablaut, -s | -as | :-as |
| ALL | ablaut, -v <p> delete final | ablaut, -v | -á | :-á |
| ADE | ablaut, -g <p> delete final | ablaut, -g | -ag | :-ag |
| ABL | ablaut, -l <p> delete final | ablaut, -l | -al | :-al |
| ILL | ablaut, -Vv | ablaut, -vV | -á | :-á |
| INE | ablaut, -Vg | ablaut, -gV | -aga | :-aga |
| ELA | ablaut, -Vl | ablaut, -lV | -ala | :-ala |
| ABE | ablaut, -x <p> delete final | ablaut, -x | -ax | :-ax |
| COM | ablaut, -' <p> delete final | ablaut, -' | -á' | :-á' |
<h3>Examples</h3>
<h4>1st conjugation: jíĉ "ice"</h4>
| Singular | Plural | Transnumeral | |
| NOM | jíĉ | jíĉ | jýĉ |
| ACC | jíĉin | jíĉini | jýĉin |
| GEN | jíĉis | jíĉisi | jýĉis |
| ALL | jív | jívi | jýv |
| ADE | jíg | jígi | jýg |
| ABL | jíl | jíli | jýl |
| ILL | jíĉiv | jíĉivi | jýĉiv |
| INE | jíĉig | jíĉigi | jýĉig |
| ELA | jíĉil | jíĉili | jýĉil |
| ABE | jíx | jíxi | jýx |
| COM | jí' | jíĉi' | jý' |
<h4>2st conjugation: ʍẹ "day"</h4>
| Singular | Plural | Transnumeral | |
| NOM | ʍẹ | ʍẹ | ʍị |
| ACC | ʍẹn | ʍẹnị | ʍịn |
| GEN | ʍẹs | ʍẹsị | ʍịs |
| ALL | ʍẹv | ʍẹvị | ʍịv |
| ADE | ʍẹg | ʍẹgị | ʍịg |
| ABL | ʍẹl | ʍẹlị | ʍịl |
| ILL | ʍịv | ʍịvị | ʍịvẹ |
| INE | ʍịg | ʍịgị | ʍịgẹ |
| ELA | ʍịl | ʍịlị | ʍịlẹ |
| ABE | ʍịx | ʍịxị | ʍịx |
| COM | ʍị' | ʍị' | ʍị' |
<h4>3rd conjugation (a): èľv "girl"</h4>
| Singular | Plural | Transnumeral | |
| NOM | èľv | èľví | èľva |
| ACC | èľven | èľvin | èľvan |
| GEN | èľves | èľvis | èľvas |
| ALL | èľvá | èľvāvi | èľvá |
| ADE | èľvag | èľvāgi | èľvag |
| ABL | èľval | èľvāli | èľval |
| ILL | èľvé | èľvévi | èľvá |
| INE | èľveg | èľvégi | èľvaga |
| ELA | èľvel | èľvéli | èľvala |
| ABE | èľvex | èľvexi | èľvax |
| COM | èľve' | èľvé' | èľvá' |
<h4>3rd conjugation (b): ʀäš "meadow"</h4>
| Singular | Plural | Transnumeral | |
| NOM | ʀäš | ʀäššủ | ʀäšša |
| ACC | ʀäšọn | ʀäššụn | ʀäššan |
| GEN | ʀäšọs | ʀäššụs | ʀäššas |
| ALL | ʀäššá | ʀäššāvụ | ʀäššá |
| ADE | ʀäššag | ʀäššāgụ | ʀäššag |
| ABL | ʀäššal | ʀäššālụ | ʀäššal |
| ILL | ʀäššỏ | ʀäššỏvụ | ʀäššá |
| INE | ʀäššọg | ʀäššỏgụ | ʀäššaga |
| ELA | ʀäššọl | ʀäššỏlụ | ʀäššala |
| ABE | ʀäššọx | ʀäššọxụ | ʀäššax |
| COM | ʀäššọ' | ʀäššỏ' | ʀäššá' |
<h2>Vowel harmony</h2>
<p>
South Osveraali preserves the two types of harmony, but makes modifications to the system.
</p>
- /ɨ ʉ ə ɐ/ are neutral vowels. /ɪ ʏ ʊ/ get assigned to the appropriate front/rounded category. This is different from GO, where the centralised vowels count as neutral.
- /æ a ʌ/ count as variants of /ɐ/ for the purpose of harmony, which means they are also neutral. However, /ɑ ɒ ɔ/ count as back vowels, the latter two rounded.
- Words that have exclusively neutral vowels use unrounded front vowel suffixes both in partial and full harmony.
<h2>Verbs</h2>
- palatalising vs nonpalatalising class - different endings
- PO present ind. 3SG becomes new citation form
- loss of the past tense, rebuilt with present participle and past copula
- dual forms expanded to all persons
- negative accompanied by a negation particle TODO
- conditional participle by extension "one who would do"
- conditional particle hó becomes obligatory
- desiderative is lost
<h3>Class I - non-palatalising</h3>
| IND.PRS | IND.PST | IND.FUT | NEG | COND | IMP | |
| 1S | -ás | -ʀÚṛ (f) | -Ús (p) | -Ýs (p) | hó -Ús (p) | - |
| 2S | -ák | -ʀÚk (f) | -ÚkU (p) | -Ýk (p) | hó -ÚkU (p) | -a |
| 3S | -á | -ʀÓ (f) | -Ú (p) | -Ý (p) | hó -Ú (p) | -a |
| 1D | -ýs | -ʀÚs (f) | -Ús (p) | -Ýs (p) | hó -Ús (p) | -as |
| 2D | -ýk | -ʀÚk (f) | -Úk (p) | -Ýk (p) | hó -Úk (p) | -ak |
| 3D | -ý | -ʀÚ (f) | -Ú (p) | -Ý (p) | hó -Ú (p) | -a |
| 1P | -És (p) | -ʀÝċYs (p) | -Ýs (p) | -Ýsta (p) | hó -Úspa (p) | -at |
| 2P | -Ék (p) | -ʀÝċYk (p) | -Ýk (p) | -Ýkta (p) | hó -ÚkUp (p) | -ak |
| 3P | -É (p) | -ʀÝċY (p) | -Ý (p) | -Ýtta (p) | hó -Úppa (p) | -a' |
| PCP | -áq | -ábba | -Ýʀta | -átta | hó -Ýʀta (p) | |
| ADV | -ʀa | |||||
<h4>Example: falbá "to buy"</h4>
| IND.PRS | IND.PST | IND.FUT | NEG | COND | IMP | |
| 1S | falbás | falbʀíṛ | falbỉs | falbís | hó falbỉs | - |
| 2S | falbák | falbʀík | falbỉkị | falbík | hó falbỉkị | falba |
| 3S | falbá | falbʀé | falbỉ | falbí | hó falbỉ | falba |
| 1D | falbýs | falbʀís | falbỉs | falbís | hó falbỉs | falbas |
| 2D | falbýk | falbʀík | falbỉk | falbík | hó falbỉk | falbak |
| 3D | falbý | falbʀí | falbỉ | falbí | hó falbỉ | falba |
| 1P | falbés | falbʀíċis | falbís | falbísta | hó falbỉspa | falbat |
| 2P | falbék | falbʀíċik | falbík | falbíkta | hó falbỉkịp | falbak |
| 3P | falbé | falbʀíċi | falbí | falbítta | hó falbỉppa | falba' |
| PCP | falbáq | falbábba | falbíʀta | falbátta | hó falbíʀta | |
| ADV | falbra | |||||
<h3>Class II - palatalising</h3>
| IND.PRS | IND.PST | IND.FUT | NEG | COND | IMP | |
| 1S | -ýs | -ʀÚṛ (f) | -Úš (p) | -Ýš (p) | hó -Úš (p) | - |
| 2S | -ýk | -ʀÚk (f) | -ÚċU (p) | -Ýċ (p) | hó -ÚċU (p) | -E (p) |
| 3S | -ý | -ʀÓ (f) | -Ú (p) | -Ý (p) | hó -Ú (p) | -E (p) |
| 1D | -ýš | -ʀÚs (f) | -Úš (p) | -Ýš (p) | hó -Úš (p) | -Es (p) |
| 2D | -ýċ | -ʀÚk (f) | -Úċ (p) | -Ýċ (p) | hó -Úċ (p) | -Ek (p) |
| 3D | -ý | -ʀÚ (f) | -Ú (p) | -Ý (p) | hó -Ú (p) | -E (p) |
| 1P | -Éš (p) | -ʀÝċYs (p) | -Ýš (p) | -Ýĉta (p) | hó -ÚćUs (p) | -Et (p) |
| 2P | -Éċ (p) | -ʀÝċYk (p) | -Ýċ (p) | -Ýĉċa (p) | hó -ÚćUp (p) | -Ek (p) |
| 3P | -É (p) | -ʀÝċY (p) | -Ý (p) | -Ýċċa (p) | hó -Úppa (p) | -E' (p) |
| PCP | -áq | -ábba | -Ýʀča | -átta | hó -Ýʀta (p) | |
| ADV | -ʀa | |||||
<h4>Example: ñïpý " to see"</h4>
| IND.PRS | IND.PST | IND.FUT | NEG | COND | IMP | |
| 1S | ñïpýs | ñïpʀíṛ | ñïpỉš | ñïpíš | hó ñïpỉš | - |
| 2S | ñïpýk | ñïpʀík | ñïpỉċị | ñïpíċ | hó ñïpỉċị | ñïpe |
| 3S | ñïpý | ñïpʀé | ñïpỉ | ñïpí | hó ñïpỉ | ñïpe |
| 1D | ñïpýš | ñïpʀís | ñïpỉš | ñïpíš | hó ñïpỉš | ñïpes |
| 2D | ñïpýċ | ñïpʀík | ñïpỉċ | ñïpíċ | hó ñïpỉċ | ñïpek |
| 3D | ñïpý | ñïpʀí | ñïpỉ | ñïpí | hó ñïpỉ | ñïpe |
| 1P | ñïpéš | ñïpʀíċis | ñïpíš | ñïpíĉta | hó ñïpỉćịs | ñïpet |
| 2P | ñïpéċ | ñïpʀíċik | ñïpíċ | ñïpíĉċa | hó ñïpỉćịp | ñïpek |
| 3P | ñïpé | ñïpʀíċi | ñïpí | ñïpíċċa | hó ñïpỉppa | ñïpe' |
| PCP | ñïpáq | ñïpábba | ñïpíʀča | ñïpátta | hó ñïpíʀta | |
| ADV | ñïpʀa | |||||
<h3>The copula</h3>
<p>
The South Osveraali copula shows syncretism in the dual, where forms based on PO *çâ (stay, stop) replace the largely ambiguous reflexes of SO sound change.
</p>
| IND.PRS | IND.PST | IND.FUT | NEG | COND | IMP | |
| 1S | ýs | úṛ | úṛu | íĉiš | húṛu | |
| 2S | ak | oku | uku | íĉiċ | huoku | a |
| 3S | á | ó | ú | í | hú | a |
| 1D | šás | šéš | šíš | šās | hó šȁš | ša |
| 2D | šák | šéċ | šíċ | šāk | hó šȁċ | šak |
| 3D | šá | šé | ší | šā | hó šȁ | ša |
| 1P | íĉi | íľiš | íĉiš | íšti | húspu | at |
| 2P | íċ | íku | íĉiċ | íĉit | huoku | ak |
| 3P | é | íĉiľ | í | íčči | húppu | a' |
| PCP | áq | ábba | áʀča | átta | áʀta | |
| ADV | uʀ | |||||
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