Dalchullah Romanization
▲
1▲ 1 ▼ 0
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 1 May 2015, 02:52.
[comments] dchorthographyromanization
?FYI...
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
In Irish, it is required that any consonant or consonant cluster be bordered by vowels of the same type - two broad vowels (a, o, u) or two slender ones (i, e). This indicates whether it is a velarized phoneme (broad vowels) or palatalized phoneme (slender vowels). For instance, the difference between /k/ and /c/ - both of which are written with «c» - is illustrated by the surrounding vowels. «eci» must necessarily contain /c/ while «oca» must necessarily contain /k/.
In Dalchullah's romanization, this rule is much looser. Generally the secondary articulation is indicated by the following vowel. «o» and «i» are the most common indicators of velarization and palatalization (respectively) and usually are otherwise silent. Unlike in Irish, there can be a mismatch in the vowels preceding and following the consonant; aci has a /c/ while eco has a /k/.
However, preceding vowels can also indicate the articulation, for example in the word mah [mˠax] 'face.' A following vowel overrides a preceding one, except in the following circumstances:
- it is an «o» or «i» and it follows another vowel;
- OR it is the last vowel in the word (the word is consonant-final)
- e.g.
- gíot [ɟiθ̪ˠ] 'eyelid'
- faes [haʃ] 'iris'
- hullaih [xəllaiç] 'town'
- gíot [ɟiθ̪ˠ] 'eyelid'
When it comes to consonant clusters, whether the preceding or following vowel indicates the coarticulation is less clear. Often the first consonant is determined by the preceding vowel and the second by the following vowel, e.g. in cinsaíon [cɪɲsˠi:ŋ] where the «n» is /ɲ/ but the following «s» is /sˠ/.
The broad vowels in Dalchullah's romanization are /u o ɑ a ə/, and the slender vowels are /i e ɛ y œ/. (All of these vowels also have long counterparts which are the same for this purpose.) In terms of orthography, the broad vowels are «ú ó á a u o» or any combination thereof, and the slender vowels are «í é e ü ö i» or any combination thereof.
In this table, palatalized phonemes are indicated with a following -i and velarized with a following -o.
| Consonants | Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | mi mo | n | ni | no | ||
| Stop | pi bi | ti di | ci gi | co go | ||
| Fricative | po bo | to do | so si* | chi | cho | f** |
| Lateral | lo | |||||
| Lat. fric | li | |||||
| Approximant | ri | nh | mh | |||
| Flap | ro |
*«si» actually represents /ʃ/.
** «f» is usually pronounced /h/ but in some words it appears as [ɸ].
| Vowels | Front | Central | Back |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | í | ü | ú |
| High-mid | é | u* | ó |
| Low-mid | e | ö | |
| High-mid | a | u | ɑ |
*«u» represents schwa /ə/.
The broad/slender rules are the largest difference from English or typical Latin orthographical rules, however there are some others as well.
- plain n - /n/ is one of the few consonants which can have a 'neutral' pronunciation (in this case, alveolar, non-palatalized, and non-velarized). This can happen in some consonant clusters or when surrounded by /a ɑ ə/.
- final schwa - unstressed final /a/ and /e/ can become /ə/.
- unmarked pronouns - in pronouns, the vowels that usually require an accent (ó ú í é á) are usually left plain, e.g. du [ðˠu] 'I'
- probably more to come, hurray
A list of a few examples; irregularities are bolded.
- gain /gaɲ/ 'advice'
- múc /mˠux/ 'go'
- bórste /βˠoɾʃtʲ/ 'mouth'
- baer /βˠaɹ/ 'cat'
- únfan /unhan/ 'goose'
- bóana /βˠɑ:nə/ 'fish'
✎ Edit Article ✖ Delete Article
Comments
