Phichene Derivation
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This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 8 Oct 2020, 19:10.
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3. Phichene Nouns
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4. Phichene Numerals
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5. Phichene Pronouns
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This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
The table below lists common prefixes used to derive verbs.
| PIt. | Phichene | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| *ad | vot- | to, towards, up to | vottád “to add” (cf. Latin ᴀᴅᴅᴇʀᴇ) |
| *aps | vos- | from, away from, out of | vosvhoethed “to use up, exhaust, spend” (cf. Latin ᴀʙᴜᴛɪ, hence English ᴀʙᴜsᴇ) |
| *com | chon-, chu- | together, with | chonchlopied “to discuss” (cf. Latin ᴄᴏʟʟᴏǫᴜɪ) |
| completeness, intensification | chonchated “to collapse” (cf. Latin ᴄᴏɴᴄɪᴅᴇʀᴇ) | ||
| *dē(d) | tat- | away from, from, off | tattád “to hand in” (cf. Latin ᴅᴇᴅᴇʀᴇ) |
| taking away, depriving | tatraphied “to take away, remove” (cf. Latin ᴅᴇʀɪᴘᴇʀᴇ) | ||
| *dis | tis- | in two parts, dividing, removing | tischated “to fall apart” (cf. Latin *ᴅɪsᴄɪᴅᴇʀᴇ) |
| intensification, exceedingly, utterly | tischlésched “to flourish, proliferate” (cf. Latin *ᴅɪsᴄʀᴇsᴄᴇʀᴇ) | ||
| *dus | tus- | wrongly, badly, mis- | tusvhoethed “to misuse, abuse” (no Latin equivalent, *dus- → *dis-) |
| *eks | iehs- | out, away | iehschlámád “to cry out, exclaim” (cf. Latin ᴇxᴄʟᴀᴍᴀʀᴇ) |
| through | iehstolmied “to sleep through” (cf. Latin ᴇᴅᴏʀᴍɪʀᴇ) | ||
| thoroughly | iehsachréd “to sharpen (thoroughly)” (cf. Latin ᴇxᴀᴄᴜᴇʀᴇ (a different root, however)) | ||
| denoting achievement | iehsósád “to persuade” (cf. Latin ᴇxᴏʀᴀʀᴇ) | ||
| up | iehsfrovhed “to build up, construct” (cf. Latin ᴇxsᴛʀᴜᴇʀᴇ) | ||
| *en | ien- | into, in | ienhered “to enter, bring in” (cf. Latin ɪɴꜰᴇʀʀᴇ) |
| *nē | ne- | not | néled “to not want” (cf. Latin ɴᴏʟʟᴇ) |
| *opi | oeph- | towards, in the direction of, against | oephchlopied “to contradict” (cf. Latin ᴏʙʟᴏǫᴜɪ) |
| *peri- | phir- | through | phirmetiád “to go through, pass through, traverse” (cf. Latin ᴘᴇʀᴍᴇᴀʀᴇ) |
| pher- | too, very, over | pherliovhed “to overflow, inundate” (cf. Latin ᴘᴇʀꜰʟᴜᴏ) | |
| *po- | phu(h)- | away, down, behind | phuhid “to set (eg. the Sun)” (cf. Latin *ᴘᴏɪʀᴇ) |
| *por | phar- | forth, forward | pharthended “to bring forth, to pull forth” (cf. Latin ᴘᴏʀᴛᴇɴᴅᴇʀᴇ) |
| *prai- | rie(h)- | in front of, before | riechéded “to precede” (cf. Latin ᴘʀᴀᴇᴄᴇᴅᴇʀᴇ) |
| *prō | pru(h)- | forward direction, forward movement | pruhered “to bring (out/forth)” (cf. Latin ᴘʀᴏꜰᴇʀᴏ) |
| action directed forward or in front | prutheced “to protect” (cf. Latin ᴘʀᴏᴛᴇɢᴏ) | ||
| prominence | prusthéd “to stand out” (cf. Latin ᴘʀᴏsᴛᴀʀᴇ) | ||
| in place of, on behalf of (with verbs of utterance) | pruchlopied “to declare, to announce” (cf. Latin ᴘʀᴏʟᴏǫᴜɪ) | ||
| bringing into being, forth, into the open | pruchléhád “to begin, initiate, start” (cf. Latin ᴘʀᴏᴄʀᴇᴀʀᴇ) | ||
| prior-, fore- (temporally) | pruvhitéd “to foresee, to predict” (cf. Latin ᴘʀᴏᴠɪᴅᴇʀᴇ) | ||
| advantage | pruthenéd “to gain” (cf. Latin *ᴘʀᴏᴛɪɴᴇʀᴇ) | ||
| *wre | vhie(h)- | again | vhiehid “to return” (cf. Latin ʀᴇᴅɪʀᴇ) |
| *se | se(t)- | separately, astray, apart, without | sechéded “to withdraw” (cf. Latin sᴇᴄᴇᴅᴇʀᴇ) |
| *supo | sus- | under, below | suschrébed “to sign” (cf. Latin sᴜʙsᴄʀɪʙᴇʀᴇ) |
| *superi | siur- | super-, over, above | siurbívhed “to outlive, survive” (cf. Latin sᴜᴘᴇʀᴠɪᴠᴇʀᴇ) |
| *trān(t)s | thlan-, thlo- | across | thlantiuched “to translate” (cf. Latin ᴛʀᴀ(ɴs)ᴅᴜᴄᴏ) |
| ? | chir- | around, about | chirliovhed “to flow around” (cf. Latin ᴄɪʀᴄᴜᴍꜰʟᴜᴇʀᴇ) |
| *sēmi- | sém(i)- | half- | “” (cf. Latin ) |
| “” (cf. Latin ) |
Similar to Latin, Phichene has a rich array of suffixes.
The table below lists common suffixes used to derive verbs.
| PIt. | Phichene | Meaning and derivation | Examples | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| *-āō | -óu (-ád) | denominative verbs | poesá “care” → poesád “to care for, take care of” (cf. Latin ᴄᴜʀᴀʀᴇ) | |
| *-ēō | -éu (-éd) | stative verbs from adjectives | iegras “sick” → iegréd “to be sick” (cf. Latin ᴀᴇɢʀᴇʀᴇ) | Can be used to derive causatives from adjectives as well, but generally limited to colours only. Deriving causatives from verbs is no longer productive. |
| causative verbs from basic (3rd conj.) verbs | “” (cf. Latin ) | |||
| *-eō | -ió (-éd) | “” (cf. Latin ) | ||
| *fakiō | -hetióu (-hetiád) | factitive and causative verbs from nouns and adjectives | tiehas “happy” → tiehhetiád “to make happy, to delight” (cf. Latin ʙᴇᴀᴛɪꜰɪᴄᴀʀᴇ*) | |
| *-skō | -schó (-sched) | inchoative verbs (“to start/begin to [verb]”) from other verbs | tolmied “to sleep” → tolmísched “to fall asleep” (cf. Latin ᴅᴏʀᴍɪsᴄᴇʀᴇ) | |
| *-ēō-skō | -éschó (-ésched) | forms verbs from adjectives meaning “to become [adjective]” | nachthis “night” → nachthésched “to become night, to get dark” (cf. Latin ɴᴏᴄᴛᴇsᴄᴇʀᴇ) | |
| **-tō? | -(i)thóu (-(i)thád) | frequentative verbs from other verbs (past participle stem) | tiched “to say” → tichithád “to repeat” (cf. Latin ᴅɪᴄᴛᴏ*, ᴅɪᴄᴛɪᴛᴏ*) | The long form (-ithád) is preferred. |
| ? | -elióu (-eliád) | diminutive verbs | chaned “to sing” → chaneliád “to chirp, tweet” (cf. Latin ᴄᴀɴᴛɪʟʟᴀʀᴇ) | Unclear etymology, possibly borrowed from Latin -illō. |
| ? | -(e)hsó (-(e)hsed) | intensive verbs from verbs expressing eagerness, willingness | hachied “to make” → hachehsed “to make eagerly, make immediately” (cf. Latin ) | Unclear etymology, possibly borrowed from Latin -essō. |
| -t(h)órió (-t(h)óréd) | desiderative verbs | ieted “to eat” → ietóréd “to want to eat” (cf. Latin ᴇsᴜʀɪʀᴇ) | ||
| -(e)biréu (-(e)biréd) | abilitative verbs | ieted “to eat” → ietebiréd “to be able to eat” | Unclear etymology. Probably borrowed from another Italic language, related to -fliis “-able”. | |
| “” → “” (cf. Latin ) |
| PIt. | Phichene | Meaning and derivation | Examples | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| *-ðlis | -(a/e)fliis | -able (from verbs) | sthéd “to stand” → sthafliis “stable” (cf. Latin sᴛᴀʙɪʟɪs) | |
| *-ātos | -áthas | indicating the possession of a thing or a quality (from nouns and adjectives) | halbá “beard” → halbáthas “bearded” (cf. Latin ʙᴀʀʙᴀᴛᴜs) | |
| *-ākis? | -áchis | tendency or inclination to the action of the root verb (-ish, -y) | chlopied “to talk” → chlopáchis “talkative” (cf. Latin ʟᴏǫᴜᴀx) | |
| *-βūont(i)nos | -búnhas | present participle | chaned “to sing” → chanebúnhas “singing” (cf. Latin ᴄᴀɴᴛᴀʙᴜɴᴅᴜs*) | This suffix has replaced the original suffix (Pit. *-ānts). |
| *-kos? | -chas | derives adjectives from nouns | ravhis “roughness” → róchas “rough” (cf. Latin ʀᴀᴜᴄᴜs) | Not very productive on its own anymore. |
| *-ēnsis? | -ensis | added to toponyms or other nouns denoting a place | prátham “meadow” → práthensis “of the meadows” (cf. Latin ᴘʀᴀᴛᴇɴsɪs) | Usually added to country/region names. |
| *-e-ios? | -evas | indicating the source of an attribute | valcentam “silver” → valcentevas “made of silver” (cf. Latin ᴀʀɢᴇɴᴛᴇᴜs) | |
| *-feros | -(i)heras | -bearing, -carrying, -bringing | phómas “fruit” → phómiheras “fruit-bearing” (cf. Latin *ᴘᴏᴍɪꜰᴇʀ, or ꜰʀᴜᴄᴛɪꜰᴇʀ*) | |
| *-fakos | -(i)hechas | bringing or making | tienas “good” → tienihechas “beneficent, charitable” (cf. Latin ʙᴇɴᴇꜰɪᴄᴜs) | |
| *-genos | -henas | denoting origin, made of | legnam “wood” → legnhenas “wooden” (cf. Latin ʙᴇɴɪɢɴᴜs**) | No longer productive, occurs only in words of older origin. |
| *-idos? | -etas | tending to, tendency, derived from verbs | vheréd “to fear” → vheretas “fearful” (cf. Latin ᴛɪᴍɪᴅᴜs*) | |
| *-īnos | -ínas (-ílhas) | of or pertaining to, indicating a relationship of position, possession, or origin | cholnis “hill” → cholnínas “of the hills” (cf. Latin ᴄᴏʟʟɪɴᴜs) | Usually not added to country/region names. |
| *-is? | -is | suffixed to nouns in composition | vachnas “year” → tiiachnis “biennial” (cf. Latin ʙɪᴇɴɴɪs) | |
| *-ios? | -ias | usually indicating "belonging to" | réhs “king” → réchias “royal” (cf. Latin ʀᴇɢɪᴜs) | Unproductive, except when added to nouns indicating profession. |
| *-iwos? | -ívhas | forming deverbal adjectives meaning “doing” or “related to doing”, from past participle | nochéd “to harm” → nochívhas “harmful” (cf. Latin ɴᴏᴄɪᴠᴜs) | |
| *-nos? | -(á)nas ((-á)las) | of or pertaining to, usually indicating a relationship of position, possession, or origin | tius “day” → tiurnas “daily, of the day” (cf. Latin ᴅɪᴜʀɴᴜs) | Probably partially borrowed from or contaminated by Latin -ānus. |
| *-ōsos? | -ósas | -ous, -ose, full of, prone to | vhentas “wind” → vhentósas “windy” (cf. Latin ᴠᴇɴᴛᴏsᴜs) | Probably influenced by the Latin equivalent (-ōsus). |
| *-ont(i)nos | -(o)nnas | (adverbial) gerunds | voried “to rise” → vorionnas “rising” (cf. Latin ᴏʀɪᴜɴᴅᴜs) | Repurposed to form indeclinable adverbial gerunds. |
| *-os | -as | forming adjectives or suffixed to nouns in composition | liós “flower” → liórelecas “flower-gathering” (cf. Latin ꜰʟᴏʀɪʟᴇɢᴜs) | Survives only as part of other suffixes, unproductive on its own. |
| *-(n)tos | -(n)t(h)as | forms past passive participles (adjectives) | “” → “” (cf. Latin ) | Usually written as -tas and pronounced [tas], while older and irregular forms contain -thas. |
| *wekos | -(e)vhechas | denoting meaning | oenas “one” → oenevhechas “univocal” (cf. Latin ᴜɴɪᴠᴏᴄᴜs) | |
| *leg(eō)-os? | -(e)lecas | indicating collecting, gathering together | liós “flower” → liórelecas “flower-gathering” (cf. Latin ꜰʟᴏʀɪʟᴇɢᴜs) | |
| “” → “” (cf. Latin ) |
| PIt. | Phichene | Gender and stem | Meaning and derivation | Examples | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *-a? | -a | M (F), a-st. | agent nouns | schlébed “to write” → schléba “scribe” (cf. Latin sᴋʀɪʙᴀ) | No longer productive on its own. |
| ? | -áco | F, o/en-st. (e-st.) | describing objects, plants, and animals | borád “to swallow” → boráco “abyss” (cf. Latin ᴠᴏʀᴀɢᴏ) | |
| -(a/e)ntia | F, a-st. | indicating a state or condition, such as result or capacity; a process or action | vhoethed “to use” → vhoethentia “use, usage” | This suffix preserves the original ending of the present participle. | |
| -árias | M, o-st. | denoting an agent of use, such as a dealer or artisan | charó “meat” → charnárias “male butcher” (cf. Latin ᴄᴀʀɴᴀʀɪᴜs), charnária “female butcher” | Probably either borrowed from or influenced by its Latin counterparts. | |
| -ária | F, a-st. | ||||
| -áriam | N, o-st. | denoting a "place where things are kept", often indicating some purpose | vluhras “book” → vluhráriam “library” (cf. Latin ʟɪʙʀᴀʀɪᴜᴍ) | ||
| *-ðrom? | -fram | N, o-st. | indicating vessels and instruments, and (rarely) places | chlined “to separate” → chlífram “sieve” (cf. Latin ᴄʀɪʙʀᴜᴍ) | Productively still forms only vessels. |
| *-ðlom? | -flam, -fiham | rovhed “to dig” → róflam “shovel” (cf. Latin ʀᴜᴛᴀʙᴜʟᴜᴍ) | May productively still form vessels only. Less productive than -fram. | ||
| -(e)chin | M, e-st. (in/en-st.) | denoting players of instruments (added to the names thereof), or musicians and singers of any kind | lira “lyre” → lirechin “lyrist” (cf. Latin ʟʏʀɪᴄᴇɴ) | ||
| *-kaps | -(e)chephs | M, s-st. | -catcher, -taker | vavhis “bird” → vhochephs “bird-catcher, fowler” (cf. Latin ᴀᴜᴄᴇᴘs) | |
| -(e)chieta | M, a-st. | denoting “one who kills” or “one who cuts” | rháther “brother” → rháthrechieta “fratricide” (cf. Latin ꜰʀᴀᴛʀɪᴄɪᴅᴀ) | ||
| -(i)chietiam | N, o-st. | denoting an act of killing or a slaughter | rháther “brother” → rháthrichietiam “fratricide” (cf. Latin ꜰʀᴀᴛʀɪᴄɪᴅɪᴜᴍ) | ||
| -(e)pela | M (F), a-st | indicating an inhabitor or a dweller | vhichas “village” → vhichepela “villager” (cf. Latin *ᴠɪᴄɪᴄᴏʟᴀ) | Commonly added to place and country names to derive their inhabitants. | |
| indicating a tiller or a cultivator | vagras “field” → vagrepela “farmer” (cf. Latin ᴀɢʀɪᴄᴏʟᴀ) | ||||
| indicating a worshipper or an honourer | Christos “Christ” → christepela “Christian” (cf. Latin Jᴜɴᴏɴɪᴄᴏʟᴀ*) | ||||
| *-klom | -(e)chlam | N, o-st. | indicating tools and instruments | hered “to carry” → helchlam “tray” (cf. Latin ꜰᴇʀᴄᴜʟᴜᴍ) | Less productive. |
| denoting rooms | chersnád “to dine” → chersnáchlam “dining room” (cf. Latin ᴄᴇɴᴀᴄᴜʟᴜᴍ) | Productive. | |||
| *-kom? | -(e)cham | N, s-st. (zero-st.) | forms neuter gender nouns (from adj. -chas) | “” → “” (cf. Latin ) | Unproductive on its own. |
| -ento | F, o/en-st. (e-st.) | generally forms abstract nouns from verbs and adjective roots | sfátis “sweet” → sfátiento “sweetness” (cf. Latin ᴅᴜʟᴄᴇᴅᴏ*) | Not very productive. | |
| -éla | F, a-st. | abstract nouns from sense verbs, speech verbs, and verbs of feelings | chlopied “to speak” → chlopiéla “speech” (cf. Latin ʟᴏǫᴜᴇʟᴀ) | Possibly borrowed from Latin. | |
| -is | F, i-st. | designating the result of an action from a verb | setéd “to sit” → sétis “seat” (cf. Latin sᴇᴅᴇs) | Unproductive. | |
| -étham | N, o-st. | denoting a plantation or grove | valbós “tree” → valbórétham “arboretum” (cf. Latin ᴀʀʙᴏʀᴇᴛᴜᴍ) | Borrowed from Latin. | |
| *-faks | -(i)fechs | M, s-st. | denoting a maker of performer | valtis “art” → valtifechs “artist” (cf. Latin ᴀʀᴛɪꜰᴇx) | |
| *-fak-iom | -(i)fechiam | N, o-st. | denoting the making of something | tienas “good” → tienifechiam “benefit” (cf. Latin ʙᴇɴᴇꜰɪᴄɪᴜᴍ) | |
| -(i)fériam | N, o-st. | denoting a place (where something is made or sold) | valtis “” → “” | ||
| -íco | F, o/en-st. (e-st.) | usually denoting diseased conditions | vhelted “to turn” → vheltíco “vertigo, dizziness” (cf. Latin ᴠᴇʀᴛɪɢᴏ) | ||
| -io | F, o/en-st., i-st. | abstract nouns from verbs | reced “to rule, govern” → recio “region” (cf. Latin ʀᴇɢɪᴏ) | ||
| *-itāts, *-otāts | -(i/a)tháths | F, s-st. | indicating a state of being, -ity, -ness, -ship | oenas “one” → oenitháths “unity” (cf. Latin ᴜɴɪᴛᴀs) | |
| -iam | N, o-st. | abstract nouns, sometimes denoting offices and groups | “” → “” (cf. Latin ) | Unproductive on its own. | |
| -(e)saphs | F, zero-st. | -logy, study of | thersá “earth” → thersesaphs “geology” (cf. Latin ɢᴇᴏʟᴏɢɪᴀ*) | ||
| -min | N, in/el-st. | deiving nouns of various meanings | liovhed “to flow” → liómin “current” (cf. Latin ꜰʟᴜᴍᴇɴ) | ||
| -(i)móliam | N, o-st. | collective suffix | montis “mountain” → montimóliam “mountain range” | ||
| -ós | M, s/r-st., i-st. | abstract nouns | vheréd “to fear” → vherós “fear” (cf. Latin ᴛɪᴍᴏʀ*) | ||
| *-tiō | -tio | F, o/en-st., e-st. | verbal nouns | chléhád “to craete” → chléhátio “creating” (cf. Latin ᴄʀᴇᴀᴛɪᴏ) | |
| *-tōr | -thor, -tor | M, i-st. | agent nouns from verbs | chaned “to sing” → chantor “male singer” (cf. Latin ᴄᴀɴᴛᴏʀ) | Forms with -t- instead of -th- were probably restored from Latin. |
| *-trīks? | -trihs, -thrihs | F, i-st. | chaned “to sing” → chantrihs “” (cf. Latin ᴄᴀɴᴛʀɪx) | ||
| *-trom | -thram | N, o-st. | denoting tools and instruments | varád “to plough” → varathram “plough” (cf. Latin ᴀʀᴀᴛʀᴜᴍ) | The most productive such suffix. |
| -(i)thúto | F, o/en-st. | abstract nouns indicating a state or condition (usually from adjectives but also participles) | moldis “soft” → moldithúto “softness” (cf. Latin ᴍᴏʟʟɪᴛᴜᴅᴏ) | ||
| -thúra | F, a-st. | -ure, -work, -ing; forms a noun relating to some action or an object associated with that action | schlébed “to write” → schléphthúra “writing, script” (cf. Latin sᴄʀɪᴘᴛᴜʀᴀ) | ||
| *-tus | -this | M, u-s. | forms action nouns | vapéd “to have” → vapethis “habit” (cf. Latin ʜᴀʙɪᴛᴜs) | |
| *-tūts | -thúths | F, s-st. | forms collective/abstract nouns from adjectives | tiuvhenis “young” → tiuvhenthúths “young people, the youth” (cf. Latin ɪᴜᴠᴇɴᴛᴜs) | |
| -úco | F, o/en-st. (e-st.) | denoting thin or superficial coatings, films, layers, etc. of materials | vahas “copper” → vaherúco “copper rust, vergidris” (cf. Latin ᴀᴇʀᴜɢᴏ) | ||
| *-elos | -ilhas, -ilha | M/F, o-/a-st. | forms diminutives, indicating small size or youth | chó “dog” → panilhas “little dog, puppy” (cf. Latin *ᴄᴀɴᴜʟᴜs) | |
| -ónis | M/F, u-st. | forms augmentatives | chó “dog” → panónis “big dog” | ||
| -(e)nsias | F, o-st. | forms names of languages | Phichensias “Phichene” | ||
| -chlopiam | N, o-st. | -loquy, -logue, forms nouns denoting speech | tió “two” → tióchlopiam “dialogue” (cf. Latin *ʙɪʟᴏǫᴜɪᴜᴍ) | ||
| *-ek-? | -echs | M, s-st. | occurs in many plant names and plant-related words | choltechs “bark” (cf. Latin ᴄᴏʀᴛᴇx) | |
| -ónis-ós | -oniós | M, s/r-st., i-st. | names of winds (often from cardinal directions) | “” → “” (cf. Latin ) | |
| -álhis | -álhis | M, i-st. | deadjectival nouns | “” → “” (cf. Latin ) | |
| -min-a | -ma, -mia | M/F, a-st. | nouns of various meanings from other nouns | “” → “” (cf. Latin ) | |
| -ēius | -étias | M, o-st. | surnames from names or other words | “” → “” (cf. Latin ) | suffixed borrowed from Latin or directly from Etruscan |
| -(élh)ias | M, o-st. | male names (female: -ia) | “” → “” (cf. Latin ) | suffix probably borrowed from Latin | |
| -ágas | M, o-st. | pejorative expressions, typically from nouns | hmelda “shit” → hmeldágas “shit, rubbish, garbage” (cf. Latin ) | ||
| -chlopimóliam | N, o-st. | -logy, a set of works, from numerals | thrés “three” → thrichlopimóliam “trilogy” (cf. Latin trilogia “trilogy”) | ||
| -ínis | F, i-st | derives various objects related to the root | pelned “to drive” → pelnínis “ticket (for bus, train, etc.)” (cf. Latin ) | ||
| “” → “” (cf. Latin ) |
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