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Srekhil Pronouns and Quantifiers
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This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 28 Oct 2019, 09:13.

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Menu 1. Pronouns 2. Associative plural 3. Demonstratives and anaphora 4. Quantifiers 5. Numbers
[edit] [top]Pronouns
NominalPossessive
closedistantformalclosedistantformal
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I
MMasculine gender (gender)
masculine or male
čum
suʔ
ňo
suš
ňar
FFeminine gender (gender)
feminine or female
khra
khraš
2Second person (person)
addressee (you)
MMasculine gender (gender)
masculine or male
tse
ľe
saħul
tseš
ľeš
saħul yo
FFeminine gender (gender)
feminine or female
pwaʔ
sapwaʔ
pyoš
sapwaʔ yo
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee
MMasculine gender (gender)
masculine or male
yi
nro
un
yaš
nroš
un yo
FFeminine gender (gender)
feminine or female
šu
ušu
šroš
ušu yo
4Fourth person (person)
obviative, not present
MMasculine gender (gender)
masculine or male
ħwa
čin
ħwar
čin yo
FFeminine gender (gender)
feminine or female
twa
čišu
twar
čišu yo
REFLReflexive (valency)
argument acts on itself
myo
myor
Srekhil has a formality and gender-based pronominal system. The most important distinction is in close and distant, which refer more to in/outgroups than social standing or familiarity (as in T-V systems). Depending on context, distant pronouns can refer to someone outside of your age cohort, clan, band, or whatever "group" is being referenced; likewise, close pronouns refer to someone within your group.

close and distant are marked on CWS as FAMFamiliar (respect/formality)
with friends, family, peers
and NTLNeutral (respect/formality)
neither polite nor vulgar; semi-formal
, respectively, because i cba to ask for such a specific addition and i dont want to use deictic forms


Since formality isn't hierarchy-based, there is also no asymmetric formality, hence the distinctions in first person. When using ľe in conversation, suʔ is used to refer to yourself, not čum.

Formal pronouns are more specialized (and rarely used in general), typically used in ritual language and when speaking to important members of a band, such as the chief or a respected shaman.

The 4th person is an obviative, used for additional indexing.
Šaoi
boy
we
and
nroš
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee
.MMasculine gender (gender)
masculine or male
.NTLNeutral (respect/formality)
neither polite nor vulgar; semi-formal
.GENGenitive (case)
possessive
sorj
uncle
nayukhe
PVPatient trigger (voice)
Austronesian alignment; triggers ERG-ABS
=PERFPerfect (aspect/tense)
have verb-ed
-speak_to
khratse.
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I
.FFeminine gender (gender)
feminine or female
=PLUPluractionality
multiple instances occur


Sri
both
nroi
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee
.MMasculine gender (gender)
masculine or male
.NTLNeutral (respect/formality)
neither polite nor vulgar; semi-formal
pru
quiet
yiʔ
be
sriwa
both-and
ħwaj
4Fourth person (person)
obviative, not present
.MMasculine gender (gender)
masculine or male
.NTLNeutral (respect/formality)
neither polite nor vulgar; semi-formal
thotho
stupid
yiʔ.
be

"I spoke to the boyi and his unclej. Hei (the boy) is quiet and hej (the uncle) is stupid."

Pronouns can be concatenated or duplicated to reference plural groups, with varying levels of specificity:

  • čum šu "we (exclusive, close, male speaker/female referent)"
  • tse tse "you (plural, close, gender unmarked)"
  • šu twa "they (plural, female)" (not *šu šu)


This also applies to possessive phrases, but only the second pronoun takes the possessive form (čum šroš, tse tseš, šu twar).

[edit] [top]Associative plural

Srekhil has an associative plural particle thwe (ASSPLAssociative plural (number)
more than one/few in a heterogeneous set
), used when referring to a group of people related to a single referent, or, more broadly, to "similative" phrases that denote a class of objects with similar features (e.g. "[x]s and such"). Their use is partially mirrored by the close/distant distinction made in pronouns, where the associative plural can be used with a pronoun to refer to an entire ingroup.
Wai
(name)
thwe
ASSPLAssociative plural (number)
more than one/few in a heterogeneous set

"Wai and those accompanying him"

ľe
2Second person (person)
addressee (you)
.MMasculine gender (gender)
masculine or male
.NTLNeutral (respect/formality)
neither polite nor vulgar; semi-formal
thwe
ASSPLAssociative plural (number)
more than one/few in a heterogeneous set

"you and your ingroup"

phayoš
weapon
thwe
ASSPLAssociative plural (number)
more than one/few in a heterogeneous set

"weapons and the like"

[edit] [top]Demonstratives and anaphora
nathis (det.)
narthis (n.)
ħrenow
ħrekhohere
čithat (det.)
čirthat (n.)
uthen
ukhothere
heof that kind
hyumthat (n., clause)
šedo that (pro-verb)
He is used to replace a previous referent (and as such is often the topic):
Sar
all
he
of_that
nayukhe
PVPatient trigger (voice)
Austronesian alignment; triggers ERG-ABS
=PERFPerfect (aspect/tense)
have verb-ed
-speak_to
khratse.
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I
.FFeminine gender (gender)
feminine or female
=PLUPluractionality
multiple instances occur

"I spoke with all of them."
It can also be used as an indefinite head:
Ħwetso
warrior
srum
search
tuʔ
fast
hetse.
of_that=PLUPluractionality
multiple instances occur

"The warrior searched for those who were quick."
He is distinguished from the other demonstratives in that it is strictly anaphoric. That is, na(r)/či(r) are used to introduce new arguments, and he can only refer back to a previously-established one.

Še is the verbal equivalent of he, standing in for a previous verb.

Hyum is used to reference whole clauses:
Pwaʔ
2Second person (person)
addressee (you)
.FFeminine gender (gender)
feminine or female
.NTLNeutral (respect/formality)
neither polite nor vulgar; semi-formal
yukhe
PERFPerfect (aspect/tense)
have verb-ed
-speak_to
hyoš?
goddess

Šo
NEGNegative (polarity)
not
hyum
that.CLSClause (sytnax)
subject and predicate
naħer
PVPatient trigger (voice)
Austronesian alignment; triggers ERG-ABS
=believe
suʔ.
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I
.MMasculine gender (gender)
masculine or male
.NTLNeutral (respect/formality)
neither polite nor vulgar; semi-formal

"You spoke to a goddess? I don't believe it."


[edit] [top]Quantifiers
terno, none, not any
tusome (indefinite referent)
mwimany, much
sarall, every
pyalother, another
Indefinite pronouns are simple derivations from quantifiers:
ter
terčan
"nothing"
tertso
"nobody"
terkho
"nowhere"
ternwa
"never"
tu
tučan
"something"
tutso
"somebody"
tukho
"somewhere"
tunwa
"sometime"
mwi
mwičan
"many things"
mwitso
"many people"
mwikho
"many places"
mwinwa
"often"
sar
sarčan
"everything"
sartso
"everyone"
sarkho
"everywhere"
sarnwa
"always"
pyal
pyalčan
"something else"
pyaltso
"somebody else"
pyalkho
"somewhere else"
pyalnwa
"another time"
The system is very regular, and can be extended to include almost any common noun: tuthaʔ "some man," sarkhwai "every word," terħan "no moment." For derived or more specific nouns, standard syntax applies: mwi sro "many rivers," pyal phayoš "another weapon."

See Syntax#Questions for related interrogatives.

[edit] [top]Numbers

Srekhil has two distinct number systems. The native system is restricted up to 6 (with mwi "many" for anything greater) and consists only of native morphemes. It's been almost fully replaced by the newer systems nowadays, but it's still used in many religious events, such as counting generations of ancestors.
1or
2thro
3čaš
4ħan
5tsra
6tsul

The borrowed system is the common base-18 number system primarily consisting of words borrowed from  Unknown [KZW]. It utilizes subtraction for derived numerals, a strategy also picked up from Kižīwiš.
1 orretained from native system1 19 hweš werwe or "and 1"18+1
2lin Unknown [KZW] tlin2 20hweš lin18+2
3rokoš Unknown [KZW] rō·koṯ3 21hweš rokoš18+3
4ħankoš Unknown [KZW] ḵā·koṯ with analogy from native ħan4 22hweš ħankoš18+4
5takoš Unknown [KZW] dag·koṯ523 hweš takoš18+5
6khyaš6 24hweš khyaš18+6
7tasri12-5 25hweš tasri18+(12-5)
8ħansri12-4 26hweš ħansri18+(12-4)
9rosri12-3 27hweš rosri18+(12-3)
10linsri12-2 28hweš linsri18+(12-2)
11orsri12-1 29hweš orsri18+(12-1)
12sraš12 30hweš sraš18+12
13tahwe18-5 31hweš tahwe18+(18-5)
14ħanhwe18-4 32hweš ħanhwe18+(18-4)
15rohwe18-3 33hweš rohwe18+(18-3)
16linhwe18-2 34hweš linhwe18+(18-2)
17orhwe18-1 35hweš orhwe18+(18-1)
18hweš18 36hwelin18*2

Higher numbers:
182
(10018)
preʔ Unknown [KZW] bareḵ
183
(1,00018)
(see below)
184
(10,00018)
čam Unknown [KZW] jāma
185
(100,00018)
hwečam
186tha khyaš
lit. "great 6"
187tha tasri
lit. "great 7"
. . .

Some numbers have different forms in certain environments:

  • or will appear as wer when used as +1
  • rokoš, ħankoš, and takoš will appear without -koš when compounded
  • khyaš, sraš, and hweš become khya, sri, and hwe, also when compounded



Most expressions use simple compounding and concatenation:
hwelin
18*2
2018 = 3610

preʔro
182*3
hweta
18*5
wer
1

35118 = 1,06310

183 (1,00018) has no independent numeral. Instead, the number is counted in terms of 10018 (preʔ) with a slightly different construction using we "and":
preʔorwesri
182*((18*1)+12)
1,C0018 = 9,72010

preʔlinwetasri
182*((18*2)+7)
hwelinsri
18*10
ħankoš
4

2,7A418 = 14,11610

čamħan
184*4
preʔtawero
182*((18*5)+3)
hweħan
18*4
khyaš
6

45,34618 = 450,11410
If the numeral after -we- begins with or-, the two will merge to form wer: preʔħanwerhwe 4,H0018 = 28,83610
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