Srekhil Pronouns and Quantifiers
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This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 28 Oct 2019, 09:13.
[comments] skhgrammarpronounsquantifiersmorphology
3. Srekhil Syntax
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4. Sretsor culture
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Srekhil has a formality and gender-based pronominal system. The most important distinction is in close and distant, which refer more to in/outgroups than social standing or familiarity (as in T-V systems). Depending on context, distant pronouns can refer to someone outside of your age cohort, clan, band, or whatever "group" is being referenced; likewise, close pronouns refer to someone within your group.
Nominal Possessive close distant formal close distant formal 1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; IMMasculine gender (gender)
masculine or malečum suʔ ňo suš ňar FFeminine gender (gender)
feminine or femalekhra khraš 2Second person (person)
addressee (you)MMasculine gender (gender)
masculine or maletse ľe saħul tseš ľeš saħul yo FFeminine gender (gender)
feminine or femalepwaʔ sapwaʔ pyoš sapwaʔ yo 3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addresseeMMasculine gender (gender)
masculine or maleyi nro un yaš nroš un yo FFeminine gender (gender)
feminine or femalešu ušu šroš ušu yo 4Fourth person (person)
obviative, not presentMMasculine gender (gender)
masculine or maleħwa čin ħwar čin yo FFeminine gender (gender)
feminine or femaletwa čišu twar čišu yo REFLReflexive (valency)
argument acts on itselfmyo myor
close and distant are marked on CWS as FAMFamiliar (respect/formality)
with friends, family, peers and NTLNeutral (respect/formality)
neither polite nor vulgar; semi-formal, respectively, because i cba to ask for such a specific addition and i dont want to use deictic forms
Since formality isn't hierarchy-based, there is also no asymmetric formality, hence the distinctions in first person. When using ľe in conversation, suʔ is used to refer to yourself, not čum.
Formal pronouns are more specialized (and rarely used in general), typically used in ritual language and when speaking to important members of a band, such as the chief or a respected shaman.
The 4th person is an obviative, used for additional indexing.
Šaoi
boy we
and nroš
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.MMasculine gender (gender)
masculine or male.NTLNeutral (respect/formality)
neither polite nor vulgar; semi-formal.GENGenitive (case)
possessive sorj
uncle nayukhe
PVPatient trigger (voice)
Austronesian alignment; triggers ERG-ABS=PERFPerfect (aspect/tense)
have verb-ed-speak_to khratse.
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.FFeminine gender (gender)
feminine or female=PLUPluractionality
multiple instances occur
Sri
both nroi
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.MMasculine gender (gender)
masculine or male.NTLNeutral (respect/formality)
neither polite nor vulgar; semi-formal pru
quiet yiʔ
be sriwa
both-and ħwaj
4Fourth person (person)
obviative, not present.MMasculine gender (gender)
masculine or male.NTLNeutral (respect/formality)
neither polite nor vulgar; semi-formal thotho
stupid yiʔ.
be
"I spoke to the boyi and his unclej. Hei (the boy) is quiet and hej (the uncle) is stupid."
Pronouns can be concatenated or duplicated to reference plural groups, with varying levels of specificity:
- čum šu "we (exclusive, close, male speaker/female referent)"
- tse tse "you (plural, close, gender unmarked)"
- šu twa "they (plural, female)" (not *šu šu)
This also applies to possessive phrases, but only the second pronoun takes the possessive form (čum šroš, tse tseš, šu twar).
Srekhil has an associative plural particle thwe (ASSPLAssociative plural (number)
more than one/few in a heterogeneous set ), used when referring to a group of people related to a single referent, or, more broadly, to "similative" phrases that denote a class of objects with similar features (e.g. "[x]s and such"). Their use is partially mirrored by the close/distant distinction made in pronouns, where the associative plural can be used with a pronoun to refer to an entire ingroup.
Wai
(name) thwe
ASSPLAssociative plural (number)
more than one/few in a heterogeneous set
"Wai and those accompanying him"
ľe
2Second person (person)
addressee (you).MMasculine gender (gender)
masculine or male.NTLNeutral (respect/formality)
neither polite nor vulgar; semi-formal thwe
ASSPLAssociative plural (number)
more than one/few in a heterogeneous set
"you and your ingroup"
phayoš
weapon thwe
ASSPLAssociative plural (number)
more than one/few in a heterogeneous set
"weapons and the like"
He is used to replace a previous referent (and as such is often the topic):
na this (det.) nar this (n.) ħre now ħrekho here či that (det.) čir that (n.) u then ukho there he of that kind hyum that (n., clause) še do that (pro-verb)
SarIt can also be used as an indefinite head:
all he
of_that nayukhe
PVPatient trigger (voice)
Austronesian alignment; triggers ERG-ABS=PERFPerfect (aspect/tense)
have verb-ed-speak_to khratse.
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.FFeminine gender (gender)
feminine or female=PLUPluractionality
multiple instances occur
"I spoke with all of them."
ĦwetsoHe is distinguished from the other demonstratives in that it is strictly anaphoric. That is, na(r)/či(r) are used to introduce new arguments, and he can only refer back to a previously-established one.
warrior srum
search tuʔ
fast hetse.
of_that=PLUPluractionality
multiple instances occur
"The warrior searched for those who were quick."
Še is the verbal equivalent of he, standing in for a previous verb.
Hyum is used to reference whole clauses:
Pwaʔ
2Second person (person)
addressee (you).FFeminine gender (gender)
feminine or female.NTLNeutral (respect/formality)
neither polite nor vulgar; semi-formal yukhe
PERFPerfect (aspect/tense)
have verb-ed-speak_to hyoš?
goddess
Šo
NEGNegative (polarity)
not hyum
that.CLSClause (sytnax)
subject and predicate naħer
PVPatient trigger (voice)
Austronesian alignment; triggers ERG-ABS=believe suʔ.
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.MMasculine gender (gender)
masculine or male.NTLNeutral (respect/formality)
neither polite nor vulgar; semi-formal
"You spoke to a goddess? I don't believe it."
Indefinite pronouns are simple derivations from quantifiers:
ter no, none, not any tu some (indefinite referent) mwi many, much sar all, every pyal other, another
The system is very regular, and can be extended to include almost any common noun: tuthaʔ "some man," sarkhwai "every word," terħan "no moment." For derived or more specific nouns, standard syntax applies: mwi sro "many rivers," pyal phayoš "another weapon."
ter terčan
"nothing"tertso
"nobody"terkho
"nowhere"ternwa
"never"tu tučan
"something"tutso
"somebody"tukho
"somewhere"tunwa
"sometime"mwi mwičan
"many things"mwitso
"many people"mwikho
"many places"mwinwa
"often"sar sarčan
"everything"sartso
"everyone"sarkho
"everywhere"sarnwa
"always"pyal pyalčan
"something else"pyaltso
"somebody else"pyalkho
"somewhere else"pyalnwa
"another time"
See Syntax#Questions for related interrogatives.
Srekhil has two distinct number systems. The native system is restricted up to 6 (with mwi "many" for anything greater) and consists only of native morphemes. It's been almost fully replaced by the newer systems nowadays, but it's still used in many religious events, such as counting generations of ancestors.
1 or 2 thro 3 čaš 4 ħan 5 tsra 6 tsul
The borrowed system is the common base-18 number system primarily consisting of words borrowed from Unknown [KZW]. It utilizes subtraction for derived numerals, a strategy also picked up from Kižīwiš.
1 orretained from native system 1 19 hweš werwe or "and 1" 18+1 2 lin Unknown [KZW] tlin 2 20 hweš lin 18+2 3 rokoš Unknown [KZW] rō·koṯ 3 21 hweš rokoš 18+3 4 ħankoš Unknown [KZW] ḵā·koṯ with analogy from native ħan 4 22 hweš ħankoš 18+4 5 takoš Unknown [KZW] dag·koṯ 5 23 hweš takoš 18+5 6 khyaš 6 24 hweš khyaš 18+6 7 tasri 12-5 25 hweš tasri 18+(12-5) 8 ħansri 12-4 26 hweš ħansri 18+(12-4) 9 rosri 12-3 27 hweš rosri 18+(12-3) 10 linsri 12-2 28 hweš linsri 18+(12-2) 11 orsri 12-1 29 hweš orsri 18+(12-1) 12 sraš 12 30 hweš sraš 18+12 13 tahwe 18-5 31 hweš tahwe 18+(18-5) 14 ħanhwe 18-4 32 hweš ħanhwe 18+(18-4) 15 rohwe 18-3 33 hweš rohwe 18+(18-3) 16 linhwe 18-2 34 hweš linhwe 18+(18-2) 17 orhwe 18-1 35 hweš orhwe 18+(18-1) 18 hweš 18 36 hwelin 18*2
Higher numbers:
182
(10018)preʔ Unknown [KZW] bareḵ 183
(1,00018)(see below) 184
(10,00018)čam Unknown [KZW] jāma 185
(100,00018)hwečam 186 tha khyaš
lit. "great 6"187 tha tasri
lit. "great 7". . .
Some numbers have different forms in certain environments:
- or will appear as wer when used as +1
- rokoš, ħankoš, and takoš will appear without -koš when compounded
- khyaš, sraš, and hweš become khya, sri, and hwe, also when compounded
Most expressions use simple compounding and concatenation:
hwelin
18*2
2018 = 3610
preʔro
182*3
hweta
18*5
wer
1
35118 = 1,06310
183 (1,00018) has no independent numeral. Instead, the number is counted in terms of 10018 (preʔ) with a slightly different construction using we "and":
preʔorwesriIf the numeral after -we- begins with or-, the two will merge to form wer: preʔħanwerhwe 4,H0018 = 28,83610 ✎ Edit Article ✖ Delete Article
182*((18*1)+12)
1,C0018 = 9,72010
preʔlinwetasri
182*((18*2)+7)
hwelinsri
18*10
ħankoš
4
2,7A418 = 14,11610
čamħan
184*4
preʔtawero
182*((18*5)+3)
hweħan
18*4
khyaš
6
45,34618 = 450,11410
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