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PNR Grammar
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This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 5 Oct 2017, 06:27.

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Menu 1. Phonology 2. Consonants 3. Allophony and other regular phonetic processes 4. Vowels 5. Syllable structure 6. Morphology 7. Pronouns 8. Personal pronouns 9. Demonstratives 10. Nouns 11. Case and number 12. Verbs 13. Eventive verbs 14. Stative verbs 15. Adjectives 16. Predicative adjectives 17. Attributive adjectives 18. Syntax 19. Noun phrases 20. Possession 21. Adpositional phrases 22. Verb phrases 23. Verbal auxiliaries 24. Subordination 25. Complement verbs 26. Copular and existential phrases 27. Questions 28. Imperatives 29. Complex sentences 30. Conjunctions 31. Relative clauses


so out of date. so very very out of date.


Grammar for  Pyr. Yeah.
/amazingintroduction

[edit] [top]Phonology


[edit] [top]Consonants

Pinyr has a consonant inventory. Look at it. Isn't it nice.

LabialAlveolarVelarUvularGlottal
Plosive
voicelessptkq<ḥ> /ʔ/
voicedbdg
implosive<bb> /ɓ/<dd> /ɗ/<gg> /ɠ/
Nasaln
Fricative
voiceless<f> /ɸ/sh
voiced<v> /β/
Approxmant<r> /ɾ/w


[edit] [top]Allophony and other regular phonetic processes


/n/ assimilates in POA with successive stop consonants.
/ʔ/ is lost initially before vowels (#_V), nasalising the following vowel

morphophonemic

/ʔ/ is lost before consonants with compensatory lengthening of the preceding vowel

[edit] [top]Vowels

Pinyr also has a vowel inventory. Look at it. Isn't it nice.

FrontCentreBack
Closei<í> /ɨ/
Mid<e> /ɛ/<o> /ɔ/
Opena


[edit] [top]Syllable structure


(C, SW, S1s) V (V) ((R)(C), nS1)
  • S is a stop consonant, excluding /q/
  • S1 is a voiceless stop consonant, excluding /q/
  • R is one of /s h w r n/
  • W is one of /h w r/
  • syllables without an onset can only have simple codas of S or /n/
  • syllables containing a long vowel can also only have simple codas1
  • implosives prohibited from being in any cluster or the coda
  • geminates prohibited (e.g. nuclei of *ii, codas of *rr)
  • if the coda is of the form nC, C cannot be any of W or /n/
1 this is a soft restriction and violations arising from morphological processes are allowed
[edit] [top]Morphology
[edit] [top]Pronouns
[edit] [top]Personal pronouns
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
1PFirst person plural (person)
we (inclusive or exclusive)
2ASecond person animate (person)
you (animate)
2ASecond person animate (person)
you (animate)
.HONHonourific
indicates respect for the addressee
1
2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you)
.INInanimate (gender/class)
for non-living things
2PSecond person plural (person)
addressee (plural)
3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee
.ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving
3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee
.INInanimate (gender/class)
for non-living things
3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them
Ø
hserhsɛɾ
ggiŋggi
navnaw
ŋaoḥaɔʔ
neíwnɛɪ
naennaɛn
eiŋíɛiɪ
qaíqaɪ
gaeḥgaɛʔ
1 the HONHonourific
indicates respect for the addressee
form is used for referring to someone older than yourself
The genitive pronouns are enclitics
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
1PFirst person plural (person)
we (inclusive or exclusive)
2ASecond person animate (person)
you (animate)
2ASecond person animate (person)
you (animate)
.HONHonourific
indicates respect for the addressee
2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you)
.INInanimate (gender/class)
for non-living things
2PSecond person plural (person)
addressee (plural)
3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee
.ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving
3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee
.INInanimate (gender/class)
for non-living things
3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them
Ø
-heshɛs
-gigi
-nana
-ŋaḥ
-ne
-naenaɛ
-i
-qaíqaɪ
-geḥgɛʔ
The hyphens are preserved in orthography, to help distinguish the clitics from their hosts:
dekmoŋía wes-eq ḥaeses-na?dɛkmɔɪa ɛsɛq ãɛsɛsna be.DYNDynamic.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current
\SBJVSubjunctive mood (mood)
desired or possible events
-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee
.TRNTransnumeral (number)
number is unspecified
\SBJVSubjunctive mood (mood)
desired or possible events
LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc
.SRSubordinator
marks subordinate clause
-QInterrogative
question
fishing_net=2ASecond person animate (person)
you (animate)
Where is your fishing net? ín-ŋoq kadi-hes qabentíɪnɔq kadihɛs qabɛntɪ NEGNegative (polarity)
not
-like.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current
.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis
mother.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
=1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
.GENGenitive (case)
possessive
PLPlural (number)
more than one/few
-tan.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
My mother doesn't like the tanners.
[edit] [top]Demonstratives
 Pyr marks three proximities; distal (DISTDistal (proximity)
far from speaker (and addressee)
), medial (MEDMedial (proximity)
not too far from speaker; close to addressee
), and proximal (PROXProximal (proximity)
close to speaker
). Demonstratives must also agree with their heads in number and animacy. Here's a table:
SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
PLPlural (number)
more than one/few
ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving
INInanimate (gender/class)
for non-living things
ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving
INInanimate (gender/class)
for non-living things
PROXProximal (proximity)
close to speaker
íeqɪɛq
hekhɛk
MEDMedial (proximity)
not too far from speaker; close to addressee
íaiqɪaiq
DISTDistal (proximity)
far from speaker (and addressee)
rosɾɔs
oskeɔskɛ
The medial only appears individually in the animate singular, and even then it is an ablauted form of the proximal.
[edit] [top]Case and number
Pinyr verbs are split into two main categories: stative verbs and eventive verbs. Stative verbs are used to indicate a current state, hence the name. They are also known as the predicative adjectives (discussed in the section on predicative adjectives). Eventive verbs describe a changing, or temporary, situation. Both verb types have a slightly different conjugation system, with the stative verbs being largely tenseless and featuring the gnomic aspect (GNOGnomic (aspect/mood)
common, timeless truths
), which the eventives do not have.
[edit] [top]Eventive verbs
[edit] [top]Stative verbs
[edit] [top]Adjectives
[edit] [top]Predicative adjectives
[edit] [top]Attributive adjectives
[edit] [top]Syntax
[edit] [top]Noun phrases
[edit] [top]Possession
Possession is marked using the same possession markers as discussed in the section on personal pronouns, although use a different structure. The possessor is placed first, followed by the possessed noun with the 3S animate or inanimate clitic attached to it, depending on the possessor's animacy.
tewaḥŋi katap-iŋ agiípihn veḥetɛaʔi katapqaɪ agiɪpihn̩ wɛʔɛ sky potato=3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee
.ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving
.POSSGPossessed (case)
marks being owned
cook-PTCPParticiple
adjectival form of a verb
big.ATTAttributive
part of a noun or determiner phrase
The big baked potato in the sky or The sky's big baked potato, cf. dokm katap-iŋ agiípihn veḥe tewaḥŋi padɔkm̩ katapi agiɪpihn̩ wɛʔɛ tɛaʔi pa be.DYNDynamic.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current
.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis
potato=3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee
.ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving
.POSSGPossessed (case)
marks being owned
cook-PTCPParticiple
adjectival form of a verb
big.ATTAttributive
part of a noun or determiner phrase
sky.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
in The big baked potato (that is) in the sky or The big baked potato is in the sky
[edit] [top]Adpositional phrases
[edit] [top]Verb phrases
[edit] [top]Verbal auxiliaries
 Pyr has a number of auxiliaries that perform a wide range of functions. Here is a table because tables are fun.
PinyrApproximate English translation
psogcan (be capable of)
---may (be allowed to)
aqíwant
íwaneed
all question wordscovered in questions section
Verbs are generally in the subjunctive when they take an auxiliary (except psog); using the indicative implies an urgency or forcefulness,
feohgis aqí mnor rosɸɛɔhgis aqɪ mnɔɾ ɾɔs have.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current
\SBJVSubjunctive mood (mood)
desired or possible events
-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
\SBJVSubjunctive mood (mood)
desired or possible events
want goat.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
that.DISTDistal (proximity)
far from speaker (and addressee)
.ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving
.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
I want that goat. faohges aqí mnor rosɸaɔhgɛs aqɪ mnɔɾ ɾɔs have-PRESPresent tense (tense)
current
.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis
-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
want goat.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
that.DISTDistal (proximity)
far from speaker (and addressee)
.ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving
.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
I want that goat!
All auxiliaries must have a supporting verb, they cannot stand alone. Because of this, phrases such as "I want water" are slightly more nuanced than in English. They can convey certain meanings depending on the precise supporting verb used,
feohgis aqí poiḥɸɛɔhgis aqɪ pɔiʔ have.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current
\SBJVSubjunctive mood (mood)
desired or possible events
-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
\SBJVSubjunctive mood (mood)
desired or possible events
want water.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
I want (to have) water. seŋs aqí poiḥseŋs aqí poiḥ drink.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current
\SBJVSubjunctive mood (mood)
desired or possible events
-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
\SBJVSubjunctive mood (mood)
desired or possible events
want water.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
I want (to drink) water.
Pragmatically, feohgis aqí poiḥ would be somewhat odd, since it implies that the only reason you want the water is for the sake of having it. All auxiliaries can be negated, using the negative prefix (í)n-.
reíenmgeí n-íwa imne-giɾɛɪɛnm̩gɛɪ nɪa imnɛgi take_off\SBJVSubjunctive mood (mood)
desired or possible events
-1PFirst person plural (person)
we (inclusive or exclusive)
\SBJVSubjunctive mood (mood)
desired or possible events
NEGNegative (polarity)
not
-need clothes.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
-1PFirst person plural (person)
we (inclusive or exclusive)
We don't have to take our clothes off.
[edit] [top]Subordination
Subordinate clauses are formed by a set of subordinators that precede the word they subordinate. When the subordinated phrase is only a single word, only the main subordinator is required and is assumed to subordinate only the word directly following it.
Opening subordinatorClosing subordinatorFunction
wesɛsany postposition, or locative subordinator (LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc
.SRSubordinator
marks subordinate clause
)
kníknɪhosíhɔsɪ, often shortened to just temporal subordinator (TEMPTemporal (case)
specifying time (at one, on Monday, etc.)
.SRSubordinator
marks subordinate clause
)
ikŋhɔikcausal subordinator (CAUCausal (case)
'because (of)'
.SRSubordinator
marks subordinate clause
)
When the subordinate is a phrase, such as a verb or noun phrase, a set of 'brackets' is used, similar to the brackets employed by the referential particle (discussed in the section on particles). A subordinator, known as the opening subordinator, is placed in the usual place, followed by the subordinated phrase, and finally a closing subordinator, varying with the opening subordinator (see table above).
gehogeí karei kní hab vodí [ho]sígɛhɔgɛɪ kaɾɛi knɪ hab wɔdɪ hɔsɪ sleep\PRESPresent tense (tense)
current
.SBJVSubjunctive mood (mood)
desired or possible events
-1PFirst person plural (person)
we (inclusive or exclusive)
finish.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current
.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis
be_at.SRSubordinator
marks subordinate clause
.( fall.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current
.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis
sun.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
).time-SRSubordinator
marks subordinate clause
We'll sleep until the sun goes down. fworgíav wes sisḥe ddiat-dia poiḥ síɸɔɾgɪaw ɛs sisʔɛ ddiatdia pɔiʔ sɪ swim.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis
-1PFirst person plural (person)
we (inclusive or exclusive)
.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
-PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
be_at.SRSubordinator
marks subordinate clause
.( be_deep.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current
.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis
more-AUGAugmentative
a bigger, greater, stronger etc. version
water.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
).SRSubordinator
marks subordinate clause
We went swimming where the water is the deepest.
[edit] [top]Complement verbs
All verbs can take a second verb, known as a complement verb. The complement verb indicates the final result of the primary verb. Phrases with a complement verb tend to take on a more perfect sense, drawing more attention to how the final result is relevant now. The primary verb also tends to just be inflected in the present.
gíeqes kea keantígɪɛqɛs kɛa kɛantɪ make.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current
.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis
-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
burn.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action
fire I made a fire [and I succeeded]. gíeqes sir keantígɪɛqɛs siɾ kɛantɪ make.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current
.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis
-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
go_out.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action
fire I made a fire [but it went out].
[edit] [top]Copular and existential phrases
There's a copula. Actually there's two. One for if you're a permanent feature, one for if you're not. Translative phrases are expressed with dokmdɔkm̩ ... padpad, literally, 'be into'. These phrases can take all tense/aspect combinations.
dokmos aqí siehs paddɔkmɔs aqɪ siɛhs pad be.DYNDynamic.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis
.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current
-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
want man.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
in-TRANSLTranslative (case)
becoming
I want to become a man. dokmoŋií geíwb paddɔkmɔiɪ gɛɪb pad be.DYNDynamic-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee
.TRNTransnumeral (number)
number is unspecified
<PRESPresent tense (tense)
current
.CONTContinuative (tense/aspect)
continuous or durational action
> tree.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
in-TRANSLTranslative (case)
becoming
He's becoming a tree.
Stopping being something can be expressed by using iodiɔd instead of pad, literally 'to be out of'.
dokmos aqí siehs ioddɔkmɔs aqɪ siɛhs iɔd be.DYNDynamic.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis
.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current
-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
want man.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
out-TRANSLTranslative (case)
becoming
I want to stop being a man.
[edit] [top]Questions
Questions are formed with a generic question particle, eqɛq. The particle by default comes after the verb, but can be moved to follow any sentence element in order to question that specific element. The question words when, where, and why are formed by placing the appropriate opening subordinator (discussed in the section on subordination) after the verb and then questioning that. A closing subordinator is not required.
wesoíw kní-eq tenŋ?ɛsɔɪ knɪɛq tɛn be_at.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current
.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis
-2Second person (person)
addressee (you)
.TRNTransnumeral (number)
number is unspecified
TEMPTemporal (case)
specifying time (at one, on Monday, etc.)
.SRSubordinator
marks subordinate clause
=QInterrogative
question
here.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
When were you here? wesoíw wes-eq?ɛsɔɪ ɛsɛq be_at.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current
.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis
-2Second person (person)
addressee (you)
.TRNTransnumeral (number)
number is unspecified
LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc
.SRSubordinator
marks subordinate clause
=QInterrogative
question
Where are you? hegíw ikŋ-eq?hɛgɪ ikɛq be.STATStative (case)
attribute assignment
.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current
.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis
-2Second person (person)
addressee (you)
.TRNTransnumeral (number)
number is unspecified
CAUCausal (case)
'because (of)'
.SRSubordinator
marks subordinate clause
=QInterrogative
question
What is your purpose? (lit. why are you?)
Who and what are expressed as nominalised forms of the question particle. The particle can be nominalised using the inanimate and animate agentive nominals, rendering who and what respectively. Due to the fact that there is no animate/inanimate distinction in the patientive nominal, who and what merge when derived that way. The agentive nominals must be used as the subject of the sentence, whereas the patientive nominal must be the subject.
SUBSubject (argument)OBJObject (argument)
Whoentíɛntɪegírɛgɪɾ
Whatebesɛbɛs
hegíw egír?hɛgɪ ɛgɪɾ be.STATStative (case)
attribute assignment
.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current
.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis
-2Second person (person)
addressee (you)
.TRNTransnumeral (number)
number is unspecified
who.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
Who are you? heg oske egír?hɛg ɔskɛ ɛgɪɾ be.STATStative (case)
attribute assignment
.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current
.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis
that.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
.ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving
.DISTDistal (proximity)
far from speaker (and addressee)
what.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
What's that?
And in case you didn't feel like saying all those words, there are fused forms with the copula.
dokmdɔkm̩ (eventive)
SUBSubject (argument)OBJObject (argument)
Whodokntídɔkn̩tɪdogírdɔgɪɾ
Whatdogesdɔgɛs
heghɛg (stative)
SUBSubject (argument)OBJObject (argument)
Whohektíhɛktɪhegírhɛgɪɾ
Whathegeshɛgɛs
hegíroíw?hɛgɪɾɔɪ be_who.STATStative (case)
attribute assignment
.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current
.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis
.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
-2Second person (person)
addressee (you)
.TRNTransnumeral (number)
number is unspecified
.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
Who are you? heges oske?hɛgɛs ɔskɛ be_who.STATStative (case)
attribute assignment
.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current
.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis
.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
that.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
.ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving
.DISTDistal (proximity)
far from speaker (and addressee)
What's that?


[edit] [top]Imperatives

There's an imperative conjugation, This should probably be under morphology or something.

[edit] [top]Complex sentences

[edit] [top]Conjunctions

[edit] [top]Relative clauses
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