Old Cathilean to Cathilean
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Sound changes!!
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 11 Oct 2016, 08:16.
[comments] ctl
?FYI...
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
This is my reconstruction of Old Cathilean based on the orthography of Modern Cathilean
[top]Old Cathilean Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | (Pre-)Velar | Labiovelar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | Aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | kʷʰ | qʰ | ||
| Unvoiced | p | t | k | kʷ | q | ʔ (h₁) | ||
| Voiced | b | d | g | gʷ | ||||
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||
| Fricative | Unvoiced | f | θ, s | ɕ, x | ħ (h₃) | h (h₂) | ||
| Liquid | r, l | j | w | |||||
Vowels
| Front | Mid | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i, ī | u, ū | |
| Close-Mid | e, ē | o, ō | |
| Open-Mid | ɛ, ɛ̄ | ɔ, ɔ̄ | |
| Open | a, ā | ||
| Other | m̩, n̩, r̩, l̩ | ||
[top]Sound changes
The second column is dedicated to examples when I create those.
| CN, Cl > N:, l: If a consonant (except liquids) presedes a nasal or an 'l', it deletes, and elongates the following consonant. Note: at the beginning of a word, they are not lengthened. | |||||||||
| N > N: / _# Nasals elongate at the end of words. | |||||||||
| qʰ > kʰ > cʰ q > k > c Chain shift, where aspirated and voiceless uvular stops become velar, and velar stops become palatal. | |||||||||
| V:HC > VHC Long vowels shorten before laryngeals followed by another consonant. | |||||||||
| C̩ > ɜC Syllabic consonants are preceded by an 'ɜ', and are no longer syllabic. | |||||||||
| h₁ > a / [#/C]_C h₂ > e / [#/C]_C h₃ > o / [#/C]_C Laryngeals vocalize between consonants or before consonants at the beginning of words. | |||||||||
| w > Ø / _B, B_ j > Ø / _F, F_ 'w' deletes in contact with back vowels, and 'j' deletes in contanct with fron vowels. | |||||||||
| f, θ > v, ð ! #_ 'f' and 'θ' are voiced to 'v' and 'ð' in all instances, except at the start of a word. | |||||||||
| The Cathilean great vowel shift A giant chain shift where vowels assimilate or dissimilate to the vowel in the following syllable if it is an 'a', 'ɔ' or 'o'. All vowels are affected somehow due to this change, except for 'a'. Long vowels are changed just like the short vowels.
*'ɜ' becomes 'o' before 'm', and 'e' at any other instance.
| |||||||||
| H > Ø Laryngeals are removed. | |||||||||
| ɕ > s > θ Chain shift where 'ɕ' is fronted to 's', which again is fronted to 'θ' | |||||||||
| x > h 'x' turns into 'h'. | |||||||||
| Nasal assimilation Nasals assimilate to the following consonant if it is a stop. | |||||||||
| Kʷ > P ! _V Labiovelars become labials when they are not preceding a vowel. | |||||||||
| T > D / _# Unaspirated voiceless stops are voiced at the end of words. |
At this point, orthography was standardized, and only minor changes are done to it, though the spoken language keeps evolving.
| u > y 'u' is fronted to 'y'. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Diphtongization When a vowel is located at the side of another one, they are contracted, and form a new diphtong or a long vowel. The orthography of these new sounds are either the same as before (ɛ <æ>, ɔ <ao>, ɜ <y>, y <u>, the rest are the same as the IPA), or long version if two of the same vowels combine (marked with a grave accent). If the orthography does not turn out as expected, it will be explicitly marked. A hyphen indicates that the combination does not exist, due to former sound changes
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| ŋ(:) > ŋg ! #_ 'ŋ' becomes 'ŋg' except when its at the start of a word. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| b, pʰ > w <bh, ph>/ _#, _C d, tʰ > Ø <dh, th> / _#, _C g, kʰ > j <gh, ch> / _#, _C Stops are lenited to approximants or elided at the end of words or before a following consonant. It should be noted the because of earlier sound changes, there are no words that end in unaspirated voiceless stops. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| g > j <gh> / F_, _F ! ŋ_ 'g' becomes 'j' in contact with front vowels, except when following a 'ŋ'. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| b > Ø <bh> / _w, ʊ̯_ 'b' deletes before 'w' and after 'ʊ̯'. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| b > v d > ð <dh> / V_V g > ɣ <g> / V_V Voiced stops are lenited to freicatives between vowels. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ɛ, ɔ > e, o 'ɛ' and 'ɔ' are lowered to 'e' and 'o'. This also includes when it is a part of a difthong, so 'ɛi̯' becomes 'ei̯'. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| V: > Vi̯ / _...jV Long vowels are difthongized if the next syllable contains a /j/ before the vowel. This change is marked in the orthography. NB: This change does not apply to high vowels or non-low central vowels. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| N > Ø / _w#, _j# Nasals delete before semivowels at the end of a word. This does not affect the orthography. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| w > u / F_ 'w' becomes 'u' after front vowels. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| pʰ, tʰ, kʰ, kʷʰ > f, θ, x, xʷ <ph, θ, ch, ch> ! N_ Aspirated plosives become fricatives, except when folowing a nasal. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| x > ç / _F, _j 'x' is palatalized before front vowels. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| j > Ø / _ç 'j' is deleted after 'ç' | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| n, l > ɲ, ʎ / _j 'n' and 'l' are palatalized before 'j'. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tʰ > T Aspirated voiceless stops merge with their unaspirated counterpart. Due to earlier sound changes, this only applies to consonants following nasals. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
[top]Modern Cathilean Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Palatal | Velar | Labiovelar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stops | Unvoiced | p | t | k | kʷ | |
| Voiced | b | d | g | gʷ | ||
| Nasals | m | n | [ɲ] | ŋ | ||
| Fricatives | Unvoiced | f | θ, s | [ç] | x | xʷ |
| Voiced | v | ð | [ɣ] | |||
| Liquids | ɾ, l | j, [ʎ] | w | |||
Vowels (somewhat simplified)
| Front | Mid | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unrounded | Rounded | Rounded | ||
| High | i | y | [ʊ], [u] | |
| Mid | e | ɜ, [ə] | o | |
| Low | ä | |||
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