@hashi Yeah, it's "they/them (male)", etc. The distinction exists in only nominative and accusative anyway. And the neuter gender is used for mixed groups, yep.
Gutiskar Pronouns
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Gutiskar pronouns
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 3 Jan 2019, 17:01.
[comments] gskpronouns
1. Derivation
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3. Gutiskar Adverbs
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5. Gutiskar Numerals
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6. Gutiskar Pronouns
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7. Gutiskar Tenses
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8. Gutiskar Verbs
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10. Table test
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As with nouns, personal pronouns in Gutiskar decline for all cases and numbers. However, unlike the nouns, pronouns are inflected for three numbers: singular, dual, and plural (same as verbs). The third person pronouns also inflect for gender (masculine, feminine, neuter).
SINGULAR | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd p. masc. | 3rd p. neut. | 3rd p. fem. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | ék | þú | ir | it | sí |
Accusative | mek | þek | ín | já | |
Genitive | mín | þin | es | rǿr | |
Dative | mir | þir | ǽm | rǿ | |
Instrumental | ón | ór | |||
DUAL | |||||
Nominative | vet | ýt | ír | jó | ǿr |
Accusative | ýk | ík | ís | ||
Genitive | ýker | íker | ér | ||
Dative | ýkir | íkir | ǽr | ||
Instrumental | ím | ||||
PLURAL | |||||
Nominative | vír | ýr | ír | jó | ǿr |
Accusative | ýs | irf | ís | ||
Genitive | ýser | irver | ér | ||
Dative | ýsir | irvir | ǽr | ||
Instrumental | ím |
The reflexive pronoun is the same for all three numbers and genders. It also lacks a nominative form.
Case | Form |
---|---|
Nominative | - |
Accusative | sek |
Genitive | sín |
Dative | sir |
Instrumental |
Gutiskar has separate possessive pronouns which decline like adjectives; they all follow the same paradigm. The table below presents the declension paradigm of the first person singular pronouns ("my").
SINGULAR | 1st p. masc | 1st p. neut. | 1st p. fem. |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | mínar | mínt | mínó |
Accusative | mínan | mínar | |
Genitive | mínas | mínrór | |
Dative | mínam | mínrú | |
Instrumental | mína | mínró | |
PLURAL | |||
Nominative | mínæ | mínó | mínór |
Accusative | mínar | ||
Genitive | mínrá | ||
Dative | mínær | ||
Instrumental | mínir |
The other personal pronouns follow the same pattern:
- þínar "your/thine" (2nd p. sg.)
- esar "his" (3rd p. sg. m.) and "its" (3rd p. sg. n.)
- rǿrar "her" (3rd p. sg. f.
- ýkar "our" (1st p. dual)
- íkar "your" (2nd p. dual)
- érar "their" (3rd p. dual and pl.)
- ýsar "our" (1st p. pl.)
- sínar "self's" (reflexive, used for all persons and genders)
The 2nd person plural possessive pronoun ("your") is, however, slightly irregular:
SINGULAR | 1st p. masc | 1st p. neut. | 1st p. fem. |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | irvar | irft | irvó |
Accusative | irvan | irvar | |
Genitive | irvas | irðrór | |
Dative | irvam | irðrú | |
Instrumental | irva | irðró | |
PLURAL | |||
Nominative | irvæ | irvó | irvór |
Accusative | irvar | ||
Genitive | irðrá | ||
Dative | irvær | ||
Instrumental | irvir |
The usage of the possessive pronouns is rather straightforward, but a few things should be noted, mainly in regard to the reflexive pronoun.
Observe the following examples:
- Hit í mínó bókar. ("This is my book.")
- Þat í þínó bókar. ("That is your book.")
- Lisir míná bók. ("You have my book.")
- Lisó þíná bók. ("I have your book.")
- Lisó síná bók. ("I have my [own] book.")
- Lisir síná bók. ("You have your [own] book.")
- Lisó esá bók. ("I have his book.")
- Lizi síná bók. ("He has his [own] book.")
- Lizi esá bók. ("He has his [someone else's] book.")
As exemplified above (examples 5, 6, and 7), the reflexive possessive pronoun is used when the speaker/subject is possessing their own object and not someone else's object.
Gutiskar has 3 demonstrative pronouns. Like the personal pronouns, they are inflected for gender, case and number. Other pronouns, such as interrogative and relative pronouns, likewise decline. Their declension patterns are somewhat irregular - see their individual dictionary entries for the inflection.
The demonstrative pronouns are:
- hir/hió/hit - "this"
- sa/só/þat - "that"
- jænar/jænó/jænt - "that over there, yon(der)"
The interrogative pronouns are:
The interrogative pronouns are also used as relative pronouns.
Other pronouns are:
- ƕihrar - "each/every"
- ƕihþrar - each of the two
- ƕihar/ƕihat - "everyone/everything"
- allar - "entire/all"
- ƕænar/ƕænat - "someone/something"
- nǽnar/nǽnat - "noöne/nothing"
- ƕarirhun - "many a(n)", declined like ƕarir with -hun added to the inflected forms
- favƕar - "few people, rarely anyone"
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