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Consonant Mutations
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A short overview of the consonant mutations in Sarasque
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 18 Feb 2018, 20:13.

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Menu 1. Introduction 2. Soft Mutation 3. Nasal Mutation 4. Hard Mutation 5. Aspirate Mutation
[edit] [top]Introduction

Consonant mutations are changes that happen to the sound of a word in particular circumstances. They can occur due to certain words or particles, grammatical structure or a combination of the two. Mutations usually affect initial consonants, but there are instances when the changes occur to a vowel at the beginning of a word or a consonant at the end of a word. Luckily, these happen in very certain contexts. Be mindful, also, that not every consonant will undergo mutation.
[edit] [top]Soft Mutation

One of the most common mutations is the soft mutation. It is marked orthographically by adding h after the affected consonant. The soft mutation occurs on six consonants which are shown on the following table:
RadicalMutated Form
pph [f]
tth [h]
kkh [x]
bbh [v]
ddh [j]
ggh [ɣ]

Uses
Common uses of the soft mutation includes the following:
- Qualifiers (adjectives, nouns or verbal nouns) used to qualify feminine/neuter plural nouns
  • aśak dhala 'a good woman'

- Feminine/Neuter nouns following the numbers 1-3
  • ki(pek) pheby 'three houses'

- Nouns following adjectives
  • dogzau khag 'old(-aged) parent'

- The second part of most compound words
  • Pusmaphaulas from pusma ('church') + Paulo ('Paul')

- Inflected verbs in the interrogative or negative
  • Donios isąs phomethęc Bapheras zduci. Sze dhonios bon bmunran dac lań? (My surname is also Bapheras. Are we related?')

- After the prepositions:
  • śąt ('on')
  • za ('to')
  • tylo ('under')
  • smo ('over')
  • avuv ('through')
  • nu ('without')
  • śko ('until')
  • śau ('by')
  • dac ('from')
  • isąs ('to')
  • cęt ('of')


Example: I am going to church with my new girlfriend.
Dą rau a koś za phusmo ki rybe tąco zbate.
[edit] [top]Nasal Mutation

The nasal mutation is shown in writing by adding the letter which represents the new sound after the original consonant. It affects the following consonants:
RadicalMutated Form
bbm [m]
ddn [n]
ggn [ŋ]

Uses
Common uses of the nasal mutation includes the following:
- After masculine nouns following numbers
  • gis(on) gnimo 'five dogs'

- Masculine nouns after the definite article in the singular
  • bon bmaczegi 'the teacher'

- After the preposition śan
  • Nals bon arg śan dnąs 'The man did it for me'

[edit] [top]Hard Mutation

The hard mutation is the least used of the mutations and is marked by an apostrophe after the affected consonant. It affects the same consonants at the soft mutation. They are:
RadicalMutated Form
pp'[b]
tt' [d]
kk' [g]
bb' [m]
dd' [n]
gg' [ŋ]

The hard mutations is only used after feminine and neuter nouns after the numbers five through nine. So, for example, 'four books' would be sem benai [sem benaj] but 'five books' would be gis b'enai [gis menaj].
[edit] [top]Aspirate Mutation

The aspirate mutation is unique among the mutations because it occurs initially and finally. The consonants affected by the initial aspirate mutation are:
RadicalMutated Form
tc [t͡s]
kc [t͡s]
dz [z]
gdz [d͡z]

Uses
The initial aspirate mutation occurs after the following:
- ki
  • Cękiśam rau ki colasoć 'I'm going with my friends.'

- su
  • Maira su Zavid 'Mary and David'

The word-final aspirate mutation affects the following consonants:
RadicalMutated Form
tc [t͡s]
kc [t͡s]
dz [z]
gdz [d͡z]
cć[t͡ʃ]
llt [lt]
sś [ʃ]
zź [d͡ʒ]
nń[ɲ]
rrz/ż [ʐ]

The word-final aspirate mutation only occurs on words in the dative case.
Example: The church is near the school.
Dą tar pusma śau thaż nazśkyc.

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