Grammar: Old & Modern Chawuku
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esp affixes
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 25 Mar 2017, 17:31.
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1. Chauke Sandbox
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This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
Proto-Hapruic Forms of Chauku Pronouns
| 1s | 2s | 3sIN | 3sAN | 1p | 2p | 3p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (x)aw(q) | mīne | qūi | sāħi | suhday | ŋīkyi | vibawt |
| (x)awqqe | mīnqe | qūia | sāħia | suhdayan | ŋīkyian | vibawtan |
Fully Irregular Modern Pronouns
| 1s | 2s | 3sIN | 3sAN | 1p | 2p | 3p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| o | min | ki | taa | *nu'e | niche | ipo |
| ok | mik | kuchit | tahet | *nu'eche | nichit | ipot |
*I dunno! It wasn't a regular sound change. Maybe they came into contact with a language where the 1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I pronoun began with /n/? Don't ask me.
Levelled Modern Pronouns
| 1s | 2s | 3sIN | 3sAN | 1p | 2p | 3p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| o | min | ki | taa | nu'e | nich | ipo |
| ok | mik | kuchit | tahet | nu'eche | nichit | ipot |
| o- | mi- | ki- | taa- | nu'e- | nichi- | ipo- |
Shown: nominative, accusative, & the bases used for oblique suffixes
(Note: ‹q› sometimes represents a glottal stop in the modern language but always means /q/ in the proto-language; additionally, the modern Chaukic glottal stop is not actually derived from /q/, although Poshumo-Suvonic branches of the this family derive glottal stops from historic /q/. Because of this confusion, I am currently reforming the spelling of the modern language, but it is slow going).
Order of Affixes:
person | tense | applicative | misc | noun | root | mood | voice | negation
Verbs: Old Forms
| ♥ | voice | ♥ | valency increases | ♥ | tense & mood |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -puq | passive | nuqu- | for (benefactive) | xyu- | past tense |
| REDUP | reflexive & reciprocal | lasu- | at, to, on, along | -nawi | dubitative |
| sut- | in, inside, into | -kitha | purposive | ||
| -tɨqa | causative | deontic |
Note: Verbs marked for the reciprocal do not also need to be marked for verbal number.
Modern Person Markers
| 1s | 2s | 3s | 3sAN | 1p | 2p | 3p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a- | na- | o- | ni- | po- | ||
| =ka | =ni | =ku | =ke | =nu | =chi | =po |
Old Independent Pronouns (Nom / Acc)
| 1s | 2s | 3s AN | 3s inAN | 1p | 2p | 3p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| xo / xaqe | na / miqe | tho / thaqe | ki / kiqe | ko / maho | un / umqe | thasi / thasiqe |
Regular historic sound changes caused irregularities with everything, although some irregularities have been leveled.
Modern language examples:
(Ki) shuia.
It was open.
(Taa) shutokekeipu.
(3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them) PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech-3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-bring-PASSPassive voice (valency)
be verb-ed
They were brought.
To add:
he-
IMP.2S
hana-
IMP.2P
ce-
IMP.1P
remaining hortatives don't exist; make an optative if u want em
Ashuhala alaeq! Ashusuqalaekeike kapaaq ohiikata.
a-shu-hala
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech-find alae-q
cat-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient a-shu-suq-alae-kei-ke
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech-APPLApplicative voice (valency)
promotes an oblique argument-cat-bring-3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee ka-paa-q
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I-house-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient ohii-kata
sleep-PURPurposive
in order to, for the purpose of
I found a cat! I brought him into my house so he can sleep.
Neshutakweweeke!
ne-shu-tak-we-wee-ke
2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you)-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech-sword-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-swing-3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee
You swung a sword at them! (Multiple! Times!)
Tomeimei.
They love each other.
Ii shuinuinu.
She didn't banish herself.
Neshuhalawe kepaaq?
ne-shu-hala-we
2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you)-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech-find-QInterrogative
question ke-paa-q
3s-dog-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
Have you found their dog?
OR
Neshuhala kepaaq pa?
ne-shu-hala
2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you)-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech-find ke-paa-q
3s-dog-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient pa
QInterrogative
question
Have you found their dog?
Toshukanepacunawine kuptookita.
to-shu-kan-e-pacu-nawi-ne
3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech-hat-EEpenthetic
something 'meaningless' inserted for structural reasons-take-DUBDubitative mood (mood)
expresses doubt-2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you) kup-too-kita
toss-play-PURPurposive
in order to, for the purpose of
Maybe they took your hat to play catch.
OR
Toshukanepacunawine kaneq kuptookita.
to-shu-pacu-nawi-ne
3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech-take-DUBDubitative mood (mood)
expresses doubt-2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you) kan-e-q
hat-EEpenthetic
something 'meaningless' inserted for structural reasons-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient kup-too-kita
catch-play-PURPurposive
in order to, for the purpose of
Maybe they took your hat to play catch.
Hewahe poa nesiqukita.
he-wahe
IMPImperative (mood)
command.2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you)-be.slow poa
dance he-siqu-kita
2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you)-learn-PURPurposive
in order to, for the purpose of
Dance slowly so you can learn.
Hewahe poa siqukita.
he-wahe
IMPImperative (mood)
command-be.slow poa
dance siqu-kita
learn-PURPurposive
in order to, for the purpose of
Dance slowly so he can learn. ✎ Edit Article ✖ Delete Article
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