Deinau pronouns, prepositions and relational nouns
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Pronoun declension
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 18 Mar 2019, 04:16.
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3. Deinau noun phrase
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4. Deinau nouns
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5. Deinau numerals
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6. Deinau ortography
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7. Deinau phonology
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9. Deinau verb
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10. Deinau writing
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11. Derivation
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14. Kinship terms
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16. Noun predicates
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17. Relative clauses
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18. Verbs of movement
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?FYI...
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
The pronominal word is inflected with person, number, clusivity and case. Since the root is marked for case and not for person, they could be called conjugated prepositions instead. Only the absolutive pronoun has different root forms for person, and they are suppletive.
In a former state of the language absolutive pronouns were used for all cases. Other cases grammaticalized from relational nouns, and the absolutive became specialized.
Pronouns are mandatory. There is no person inflection in verbs apart from third-non third stress change, so first and second person pronouns cannot be omitted unless they're inferable. Third person is omitted if full noun phrases are present.
Here is the general pronoun inflection:
| sing | pauc | pl | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| excl | incl | excl | incl | ||
| 1° | -l | -l-ga | -l-ga-l | -l-k | -l-k-l |
| 2° formal | -s | -s-ga | -s-k | ||
| 2° informal | -t | -t-ga | -t-k | ||
| 3° | ·-/·-z | ·-ga/·-z-ga | ·-k/·-z-k | ||
These pronouns are used for the subject of intransitive verbs. There is a root for each person that also receives number suffixes.
| sing | pauc | pl | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| excl | incl | excl | incl | ||
| 1° | pal | pélga | pélgal | pélik | pélkil |
| 2° formal | kùs | kusgà | kusùk | ||
| 2° informal | tà | tàga | tàk | ||
| 3° | ·zi | ·zigá | ·zik | ||
Pal puttà.
pal
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument pud-t-a
tall-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future-IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'
I'm tall
·Ṣi ṇlaàg oma
·Ṣi
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument ṇlaàg
sweet.NMZNominaliser
makes other word a noun o-m-a
NEGNegative (polarity)
not-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech-IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'
It wasn't sweet
The root for the ergative is ba-. Ergative is used for the agent of a transitive verb.
PmufXmvokicZpLwXwpFXzbFj
·Baṣ pàḍdlap ·ŋki ẓommu.
ba-·ṣ
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent pà-ḍdla-p
CLClassifier
quantifies and/or replaces nouns-house-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.DEFDefinite
"the" ·-ŋ-ki
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee-CORREFUnknown code-CLClassifier
quantifies and/or replaces nouns ẓom-m-u
burn-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action
He burned his own house
Accusative mark is i-. It is used for the object of a transitive verb.
PmXmvufXnhbXlafimoXbzulfELwijmXldEa
Édelma ·ḍlilesub mo il baanṭumma
Édelma
Edelma.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent ·ḍ(l)i-lesub
CLClassifier
quantifies and/or replaces nouns.LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc-river mo
in i-l
ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient-1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I ba-an-ẓum-m-a
DISTDistal (proximity)
far from speaker (and addressee)-see-INTENSUnknown code-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech-IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'
Edelma was staring at me there, in the river.
| sing | pauc | pl | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| excl | incl | excl | incl | ||
| 1° | bal | bálga | bálgal | bálik | bálkil |
| 2° formal | bàs | basgà | basùk | ||
| 2° informal | bàt | bàdga | bàtuk | ||
| 3° | ·ba/·baṣ | ·baga/·baṣga | ·bak/·baṣik | ||
Accusative
| sing | pauc | pl | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| excl | incl | excl | incl | ||
| 1° | il | ílga | ílgal | ílik | ílkil |
| 2° formal | ìs | isgà | isùk | ||
| 2° informal | ìt | ìdga | ìtuk | ||
| 3° | ·i/·iz | ·iga/·izga | ·ik/·izik | ||
These two have two functions. When they are used as pronominals they work in the same way as the ones above, with person and number inflection. They can also be unmarked and used as postpositions. Nouns are usually marked with an ergative case, oblique in some dialects.
ŋi: Dative
Dative is used to mark the indirect object.
Sàbgii mlo Mánne ŋil palŋè lamù.
PmuFlJFXlpXlGfnEXnmfLmohgiXbsF
s-àpigi-:
CLClassifier
quantifies and/or replaces nouns-orange-INDFIndefinite
a nonspecific referent.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient mlo
INDFIndefinite
a nonspecific referent Mánne
Manne.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent ŋi-l
DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location-1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I pal-ŋè
carry-VENVenitive (direction)
coming 'towards'.NMZNominaliser
makes other word a noun la-m-ù
some-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action
Manne brought some oranges for me.
ken: Instrumental/comitative
These work similar to the oblique pronominals within noun phrases. The noun modified must be locative (has prefix l-) and have the right case marking. If they are to be used as pronouns, the noun ·mab, 'body' is used to receive case, and the locative gets person marking. ·Mab is never definite, though.
U(ŋ) On
On (+loc)
·Mlab ul órrigankas!
Put it (the hat) on me!
·Zlazot uŋ órrigankas!
Put it on the dog!
mag
over
Saŋmásam đlúźmup mlab mágal kaánusmuu.
the bats flew away over me.
·Ene
near
Ra Through
Saŋmásam đlúźmup sdaŋ ra kaánusmuu.
The bats flew away through this opening of the cave.
Mo
In
·amu
around, by
ẓu
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