Derivation
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Morphological derivation in Yusak
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 31 Dec 2016, 03:23.
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2. Derivation
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6. Telling Time
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Semantic Change | Example or Explanation | Affix |
---|---|---|
male | waiter→male waiter, actor→male actor | až- |
female | waiter→waitress, actor→actress | yh- |
both sexes together | yš- | |
relation by marriage | brother→brother-in-law, father→father-in-law, friend→friend of one’s spouse | hol- |
former | husband→ex-husband, musician→ex-musician | gju- |
antonym (of binary concepts) | up→down, long→short, large→small, clockwise→counterclockwise, follow→precede | ðim- |
around | šyf- | |
through | klo- | |
across | plu- | |
affirmative | as- | |
negative | correct→incorrect | ik- |
interrogative (question) | mu- | |
pejorative (negative affect or poor opinion of object or action) | house→hovel, to write→to scrawl, weather→bad weather, person→scoundrel, word→profane word, mind→foul-mind | ug- |
laudative (positive affect or good opinion of object or action) | to write→to script i.e. to write calligraphy, weather→good weather, person→gentleperson (i.e. Gentleman | jil- |
affectionate (affectionate affect or opinion of a person) | fus- | |
respectative (respectful affect or opinion of a person) | jun- | |
intensifier | ur- | |
in, at, or on | eð- | |
into, to, or onto | wu- | |
out, from, or off of | yl- | |
across, through, or via | eþ- | |
one of something | like English “mono-” or “uni-” | ha- |
two of something | like English “du-” or “bi-” | ri- |
three of something | like English “tri-” | fri- |
four of something | like English “quadri-” | bru- |
five of something | pri- | |
six of something | tjo- | |
seven of something | di- | |
eight of something | dra- | |
nine of something | tre- | |
ten of something | žu- | |
multiple/many of something | like English “multi-” or “poly-” | fjor- |
both of something | dextrous→ambidextrous | rui- |
together | write→co-write | kuþ- |
Semantic Change | Example or Explanation | Affix |
---|---|---|
frequent, repeated, or continual action | to run→to keep on running | -fir |
accusative (increased transitivity, to cause to have quality) | to rain→to water [plants], to die→to kill, to have→to give, knowledgeable→to teach, to heal (intransitive)→to heal (transitive) | -atto |
separation, scattering | to throw→to throw about/scatter, to give→to distribute, to break→to shatter | -itši |
sudden or momentary action | to light/shine→to flash | -rit |
an instance of a verb | to walk→walk | -gym |
incorrectly, awry | to place→to misplace, to accuse→to wrongly accuse, to understand→to misunderstand | -avlo |
over again | to send→to resend, to build→to rebuild | -ðul |
back again | to send→to send back, to light/shine→to reflect | -þin |
to be | dog→to be a dog, green→to be green | -bel |
to become | wolf→to become a wolf, man→to become a man, teacher→to become a teacher, red→to blush | -bjol |
to make into/cause to become | rational→rationalize | -žo |
to use a noun in a typical way | tongue→to taste, ear→to hear, eye→to see, nose→to smell, finger→to feel, lip→to kiss, hammer→to hammer | -kwi |
an action or process | to speak→a speech i.e. to give a speech | -þuu |
a machine | to write→typewriter, data→computer | -sus |
a thing or substance which typically results from a verb | to sweat→sweat, to cry→tear, to lactate→milk | -bre |
a thing or substance to which a verb is typically done | to eat→food, to think→thought | -šeg |
a place characterized by an action | to learn→school, to sell→store, to judge→court, to cook→kitchen, to sleep→bedroom, to heal→hospital/clinic | -teb |
an instrument | to play→toy, to cut→knife, to help→remedy | -pyr |
a person who is currently the agent of a verb | to run→runner, to swim→swimmer, to sing→singer | -hwo |
a person who is occupied with a verb or noun habitually, as an amateur, or as a professional | to teach→teacher, to run→runner, to sing→singer, to swim→swimmer, tooth→dentist, music→musician, library→librarian | -lwo |
a product | novelty→news, cow→beef | -ljež |
a member, follower, participant, or inhabitant | Christ→Christian, Marx→Marxist, America→American, family→family member, place→resident/inhabitant | -rjen |
the name of a language from a country/region | Spain→Spanish, Finland→Finnish, Germany→German, England→English | -hoþ |
a collective group without a specific number | tree→forest, word→dictionary, human→humanity, person→crowd, person+pejorative→mob, book→library, house→city, animal→flock or herd | -byn |
diminutive | house→hut, book→booklet, break→crack/fracture | -byt |
augmentative | house→mansion, book→tome, human→giant | -fuš |
an abstraction | friend→friendship, father→fatherhood | -hun |
a place characterized by a noun | book→library, dog→kennel | -jer |
a place where a noun is sold | book→bookstore, food→grocery store | -fyh |
a leader or boss | school→principal, city→mayor | -šu |
an offspring or descendant | cat→kitten, king→prince, tree→sapling, person→child, duck→duckling | -pil |
a doctrine or system | Christian→Christianity, communist→Communism | -oddi |
one characterized by a noun or adjective | youth→youth (i.e. young person), holy→saint, near→neighbor | -kra |
worthy of | to remember→memorable, to believe→credible, to trust→trustworthy | -pjuur |
possible | to believe→believable, to see→visible | -vlo |
having a propensity or tendency of doing verb | to play→playful, to talk→talkative, to believe→credulous, to inflame→flammable | -žje |
full of | mountain→mountainous, muscle→muscular, pore→porous, money→rich, word→verbose | -puk |
lacking | money→moneyless/poor, tooth→toothless, water→dry, light→dark | -rum |
an abstraction of a quality | happy→happiness, sad→sadness, healthy→healthiness, quick→quickness, girly→girlishness | -byv |
adjective pertaining to noun | mind→mental, world→global, forest→arboreal | -tyh |
adjective made of noun | gold→golden, wood→wooden | -dem |
adjective resembling noun | cat→catlike, mint→minty | -mju |
having a propensity or tendency of being adjective | sad→depressed | -maš |
the quality of acting a verb | to die→dead | -pik |
having a quality | quick→quickly, sad→sadly, happy→happily, girly→girlily, duckish→duckishly | -wak |
Yusak has a highly productive system of derivation using affixes. Additionally, some verbs can be converted directly to nouns, and some nouns directly to verbs, when the meaning is obvious (and none of the derivational affixes are sufficient).✎ Edit Article ✖ Delete Article
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