PEM Cases
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Nominal and pronominal cases
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 8 May 2018, 21:02.
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1. Known cognates
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This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
Proto-Pemme nouns declined for ten cases. The cases were marked with suffixes that had to vowel-harmonise to the same backness as the stem. The stems remained mostly unchanged, but could sometimes undergo consonant gradations or metathesis.
There were likely three numbers: singular, paucal, and plural. Paucal and plural were mostly merged by later stages of the mainstream language (eg. Proto-Kuoggvi), but the distinction was retained in earlier break-off dialects (eg. Unknown [XES]).
Here're a few examples:
*ürä (person) | *suutsı (reindeer) | *kʷölön (fish) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case | SGSingular (number) one countable entity | PAUPaucal (number) a few, some | PLPlural (number) more than one/few | SGSingular (number) one countable entity | PAUPaucal (number) a few, some | PLPlural (number) more than one/few | SGSingular (number) one countable entity | PAUPaucal (number) a few, some | PLPlural (number) more than one/few |
NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument | *ürä | *ürät | *üräl | *suutsı | *suutsıt | *suutsıl | *kʷölön | *kʷölnöt | *kʷölnöl |
ACCAccusative (case) TRANS direct object; patient | *ürdä | *ürättä | *üräldä | *suuhda | *suuhıtta | *suuhılda | *kʷölöndä / kʷölnäd | *kʷölnöttä | *kʷölnöldä |
GENGenitive (case) possessive | *ürün | *ürätün | *ürälün | *suutsun | *suutsıtun | *suutsılun | *kʷölönün / kʷölnün | *kʷölnötün | *kʷölnölün |
DATDative (case) indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location | *ürëŋ | *ürätëŋ | *ürälëŋ | *suutseŋ | *suutsıteŋ | *suutsıleŋ | *kʷölönëŋ / kʷölnëŋ | *kʷölnötëŋ | *kʷölnölëŋ |
INSTRInstrumental (case) 'with' 'using' | *ürdök | *ürättök | *üräldök | *suuhdok | *suuhıttok | *suuhıldok | *kʷölöndök | *kʷölnöttök | *kʷölnöldök |
ESSEssive (case) 'as, similar' | *ürpis | *ürätpis | *ürälpis | *suuhpıs | *suuhıtpıs | *suuhılpıs | *kʷölönpis | *kʷölnötpis | *kʷölnölpis |
ADEAdessive (case) near/by | *ürës | *ürätës | *ürälës | *suuhjes | *suuhıtes | *suuhıles | *kʷölönës / kʷölnës | *kʷölnötës | *kʷölnölës |
LATLative (case) movement, towards | *ürälä | *ürätäl | *üräläl | *suutsala | *suutsıtal | *suutsalal | *kʷölönäl / kʷölnälä | *kʷölnötäl | *kʷölnöläl |
ELAElative (case) 'out of, from' | *üränën | *ürätnën | *ürälnën | *suuhnen | *suuhıtnen | *suuhılnen | *kʷölönnën | *kʷölnötnën | *kʷölnölnën |
PROSProsecutive (case) 'across, along' | *üräsëm | *ürätsëm | *ürälsëm | *suuhsem | *suuhıtsem | *suuhılsem | *kʷölönsëm | *kʷölnötsëm | *kʷölnölsëm |
Pronouns had the same cases as regular nouns. There were also possessive suffixes for each pronoun which attached to possessed noun stems:
1SFirst person singular (person) speaker, signer, etc.; I | 1PAUFirst person paucal (person) we (us few) | 1PFirst person plural (person) we (inclusive or exclusive) | 2SSecond person singular (person) addressee (you) | 2PAUSecond person paucal (person) you (you few) | 2PSecond person plural (person) addressee (plural) | 3SThird person singular (person) neither speaker nor addressee | 3PAUThird person paucal (person) they (they few) | 3PThird person plural (person) neither speaker nor addressee, they/them | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument | *min | *mit / mat | *mil | *gʷön | *gʷöt | *gʷöl | *in | *ittë | *illë |
ACCAccusative (case) TRANS direct object; patient | *midä | *matta | *malda | *gʷödä | *gʷöttä | *gʷöldä | *idä | *ittä | *ildä |
GENGenitive (case) possessive + ___ POSSPossessive (case) owns, has | *minün ___man | *matun ___mat | *malun ___mat | *gʷönün ___kan | *gʷötün ___kat | *gʷölün ___kat | *inün ___nan | *ittün ___lan | *illün ___lan |
DATDative (case) indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location | *minëŋ / mëŋ | *mateŋ | *maleŋ | *gʷönëŋ | *gʷötëŋ | *gʷölëŋ | *inëŋ / iŋ | *ittëŋ | *illëŋ |
INSTRInstrumental (case) 'with' 'using' | *midök | *mattok | *maldok | *gʷödök | *gʷöttök | *gʷöldök | *idök | *ittök | *ildök |
ESSEssive (case) 'as, similar' | *mipis | *matpıs | *malpıs | *gʷöpis | *gʷötpis | *gʷölpis | *ipis | *itpis | *ilpis |
ADEAdessive (case) near/by | *minës / mës | *mates | *males | *gʷönës | *gʷötës | *gʷölës | *inës / is | *ittës | *illës |
LATLative (case) movement, towards | *minäl | *matal | *malal | *gʷönäl | *gʷötäl | *gʷöläl | *inäl | *ittäl | *illäl |
ELAElative (case) 'out of, from' | *minën | *matnen | *malnen | *gʷönën | *gʷötnën | *gʷölnën | *inën | *itnën | *ilnën |
PROSProsecutive (case) 'across, along' | *misëm | *matsem | *malsem | *gʷösëm | *gʷötsëm | *gʷölsëm | *isëm | *itsëm | *ilsëm |
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