Ulyan Verbs
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Verb conjugation and affixes, auxiliary verbs, verb phrases
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 9 Oct 2017, 05:31.
[comments] ulyverbsnegationtenseaspectmoodadverbsmood
2. Ulyan Adjectives
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3. Ulyan Adpositions
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8. Ulyan Comparatives
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9. Ulyan Conjunctions
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13. Ulyan Interjections
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14. Ulyan Irregular Verbs
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16. Ulyan number system
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17. Ulyan Pronouns
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20. Ulyan Verbs
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21. Ulyan Word Order
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Verbs are conjugated with affixes denoting negation, pronominal "polypersonal" affix(es), evidentials, tense, aspect, adposition/preposition, noun incorporation, adverbs/manner, mood, and special affixes. The morpheme order is:
negation - pronominal affix(es) - evidential - tense - aspect - adposition - noun incorporation - ROOT - adverb/manner - mood - special affixes
The negation and pronominal affix order is sometimes swapped.
Auxiliary verbs are used to form constructions such as the passive voice.
Although Ulyan tends to be a very regular language, there are some irregular verbs, such as the copula tet. See the article "Ulyan Irregular Verbs" for more information.
A verb can be negated with the prefix in-. No prefix indicates no negation ("affirmative").
| AFFAffirmative (polarity) positive, opposite of NEG | NEGNegative (polarity) not |
|---|---|
| Ø | in- |
A single affix denotes subject and object (or just subject and no/null object).
| NOM↓ / ACC→ | Ø | 1.SG | 1.PL | 2.SG | 2.PL | 3.SG | 3.PL | 4.SG | 4.PL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.SG | m(i) | im | om | em | am | ïm | um | üm | aum |
| 1.PL | j(i) | ij | oj | ej | aj | ïj | uj | üj | auj |
| 2.SG | p(i) | ip | op | ep | ap | ïp | up | üp | aup |
| 2.PL | b(i) | ib | ob | eb | ab | ïb | ub | üb | aub |
| 3.SG | f(i) | if | of | ef | af | ïf | uf | üf | auf |
| 3.PL | v(i) | iv | ov | ev | av | ïv | uv | üv | auv |
| 4.SG | l(i) | il | ol | el | al | ïl | ul | ül | aul |
| 4.PL | r(i) | ir | or | er | ar | ïr | ur | ür | aur |
For DAT, GEN, and LOC, use additional affixes (if these even make sense):
| Person | DAT | GEN | LOC |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.SG | iam | uam | eim |
| 1.PL | oan | oin | aun |
| 2.SG | iap | uap | eip |
| 2.PL | oab | oib | aub |
| 3.SG | iaf | uaf | eif |
| 3.PL | oav | oiv | auv |
| 4.SG | ial | ual | eil |
| 4.PL | oar | oir | aur |
If epenthesis is needed, can use diphthongs -ou- and -ai-. Or other possibilities.
This affix slot is used to state the speaker's relation to the truth of the statement being made. It is left empty when no evidential explanation is wanted. There are four evidentials—one for direct, firsthand evidence, and three for indirect evidence. These are called Witness (WITWitness (evidential)
speaker witnessed action), Inferential (INFRInferential (mood/evidential)
reports or infers without confirming), Hearsay (HSYHearsay evidential (evidential)
'I have heard that...'), and Assumptive (ASSAssumptive (mood/evid)
assumed truth). The affix form is VCC(V), with the final optional vowel used when there is collision with the following part of the verb.
| Type | Affix | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| WITWitness (evidential) speaker witnessed action | aks(e) | Direct firsthand knowledge, experience, perception. In past tense might be like "I remember that...". In future tense it is more like "I expect that..." or "I expect to experience...". In present tense it is more like "I am experiencing..." |
| INFRInferential (mood/evidential) reports or infers without confirming | ozd(e) | Indirect evidence. It seems that..., it appears that..., obviously..., it must be that..., I infer that..., I conclude that..., Thus... |
| HSYHearsay evidential (evidential) 'I have heard that...' | irb(ü) | Indirect evidence, secondhand or more; quotative, reportative. allegedly..., reportedly..., it is said that..., etc |
| ASSAssumptive (mood/evid) assumed truth | usk(a) | Indirect evidence. suppose without proof, presume, hypothesize, postulate, guess, believe, speculate, opine, In my opinion..., etc. |
There are four tenses: Remote past (REMRemote past (tense)
'a long time ago'), Past (PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech), Present (PRESPresent tense (tense)
current), and Future (FUTFuture (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech). Present tense is assumed if there is no affix, but can be specified with (l)at-. The remote past tense is generally used for events that took place before the creation of the artificial world Ulya, or sometimes for events in the very early history of the creation of Ulya, when it was still being "built".
| REMRemote past (tense) 'a long time ago' | PASTPast tense (tense) action occurred before moment of speech | PRESPresent tense (tense) current | FUTFuture (tense) action occurring after the moment of speech |
|---|---|---|---|
| (s)ud(o)- | (w)ed(o)- | Ø, (l)at(a)- | (y)if(a)- |
There are six aspects:
- Simple (SMPLSimple (class)
a simple form (cf. compound form, eg. phrasal verb)): basic action of the verb (null form) - Continuous (CONTContinuative (tense/aspect)
continuous or durational action): actions that are continuous/durational/progressive - Habitual (HABHabitual (aspect)
done often or out of habit): actions that happen many times (generally a habit, but can also be used in an iterative/frequentative sense) - Perfective (PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action): actions/events considered as a single whole (not heeding any internal structure) - Inceptive (INCEPInceptive (aspect)
beginning of an action): beginning of an action/state - Cessative (CESCessative (aspect)
exiting/ending a state): ending/exiting an action/state
| SMPLSimple (class) a simple form (cf. compound form, eg. phrasal verb) | CONTContinuative (tense/aspect) continuous or durational action | HABHabitual (aspect) done often or out of habit | PFVPerfective (aspect) completed action | INCEPInceptive (aspect) beginning of an action | CESCessative (aspect) exiting/ending a state |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ø | -us(o)- | -utc(e)- | -op(a)- | -ik(a)- | -em(a)- |
See Adposition/Preposition chart. The last letter (always a consonant) may be dropped.
Verb root.
Adjective or verbs can be placed here with the suffix -yi (optional, used more for verbs), and act like adverbs. Usually, however, adverbs are placed after the verb.
There are eleven moods:
- Abilitative (ABILAbilitative (mood)
expresses ability): "able", "can", "could", or "may" occur - Suggestive (SUGGSuggestive mood (mood)
suggestion, 'should', 'ought'): should, ought, suggestion - Declarative (DECLDeclarative (mood)
a common realis mood): simple realis mood - Interrogative (INTERRInterrogative mood (mood)
asks questions): makes into question - Imperative (IMPImperative (mood)
command): orders/prohibitions - Hortative (HORTHortative (mood)
'let's...'): "let's..."; exhort, urge, encourage
- Optative (OPTOptative (mood)
'wish, hope'): desires, wishes, requests - Necessitative (NCSSNecessitative mood (mood)
must, have to): must, have to - Dubitative (DUBDubitative mood (mood)
expresses doubt): doubtful - Generic (GNRGeneric (mood)
Generic or timeless truths): generic, common, timeless truths - Hypothetical (HYPHypothetical (mood)
if, or 'it could be'): hypothetical, possible, contrafactual, subjunctive
| ABILAbilitative (mood) expresses ability | SUGGSuggestive mood (mood) suggestion, 'should', 'ought' | DECLDeclarative (mood) a common realis mood | INTERRInterrogative mood (mood) asks questions | IMPImperative (mood) command | HORTHortative (mood) 'let's...' | OPTOptative (mood) 'wish, hope' | NCSSNecessitative mood (mood) must, have to | DUBDubitative mood (mood) expresses doubt | GNRGeneric (mood) Generic or timeless truths | HYPHypothetical (mood) if, or 'it could be' |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -(i)k | -(ü)c | Ø | -(o)wa | -(a)zg | -il, -ïl | -(a)vo | -(e)m | -(a)vlu | -(a)ni | -(e)ri |
More than one mood affix may be used to express more complicated ideas. For example, using both ABILAbilitative (mood)
expresses ability and INTERRInterrogative mood (mood)
asks questions forms a question about whether the verb is able to occur.
Affixes that effect the entire verb phrase (postfixing?). These include:
- -(o)vli: "Place where X"; turns entire verb into a place name type of noun.
- -(x)eith: Turns entire verb into a "doer-nouns". Similar to English -er, but with much greater possible scope.
- -ku: Augment (AUGAugmentative
a bigger, greater, stronger etc. version) verb; "very much". - -ni: Diminish (DIMDiminutive
a smaller, lesser, weaker etc. version) verb; "just a little".
See also the article Ulyan derivational affixes.
edemazdavüc
ed-
PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech- ema-
CESCessative (aspect)
exiting/ending a state- zdva
betray -üc
-SUGGSuggestive mood (mood)
suggestion, 'should', 'ought'
should have stopped betraying
ifanavokpizwa
if-
FUTFuture (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech- ana-
PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action- vok
break -piz
-fast/quickly -wa
-INTERRInterrogative mood (mood)
asks questions
will have been quickly broken?
atusitsovlu
at-
PRESPresent tense (tense)
current- us-
CONTContinuative (tense/aspect)
continuous or durational action- itso
enter -vlu
-DUBDubitative mood (mood)
expresses doubt
is probably not entering
udemamuim
ud-
REMRemote past (tense)
'a long time ago'- ema-
CESCessative (aspect)
exiting/ending a state- mui
come -em
-NCSSNecessitative mood (mood)
must, have to
had to stop coming long ago
ovedzdvavli
ov-
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument/ 1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient- ed-
PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech- zdva
betray -vli
-place_where
place where they betrayed us
vedutcevlecmakvli
v-
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument- ed-
PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech- utce-
HABHabitual (aspect)
done often or out of habit- vlec-
sword- mak
make -vli
-place_where
place where they (habitually) made swords
Copula examples:
Tet avino vlido.
tet
COPCopula
used to link the subject of a sentence with a predicate av-
DEFDefinite
"the"- ino
sky vlid
blue -do
-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
The sky is blue.
Tlet elipsa avipsaniado reim.
tlet
PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.COPCopula
used to link the subject of a sentence with a predicate el-
DEFDefinite
"the"- ipsa
lake av-
INDEFIndefinite
a nonspecific referent- ipsania
pool -do
-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient reim
smooth
The lake was a smooth (still) pool.
Tlet elipsa reimdo.
tlet
PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.COPCopula
used to link the subject of a sentence with a predicate el-
-DEFDefinite
"the" ipsa
lake reim
smooth -do
-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
The lake was smooth (still).
Tem im mrafdo epua.
tem
COPCopula
used to link the subject of a sentence with a predicate.NCSSNecessitative mood (mood)
must, have to im
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument mraf
father -do
-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient epua
2Second person (person)
addressee (you).SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.GENGenitive (case)
possessive
I must be your father.
Tlewa iv avatliseithdo.
tlewa
PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.COPCopula
used to link the subject of a sentence with a predicate.INTERRInterrogative mood (mood)
asks questions iv
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument ava-
INDEFIndefinite
a nonspecific referent- tliseith
singer -do
-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
Was he/she a singer?
Fitlet avatliseithdo.
fi-
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument- tlet
PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.COPCopula
used to link the subject of a sentence with a predicate ava-
INDEFIndefinite
a nonspecific referent- tliseith
singer -do
-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
He/she was a singer.
Passive Voice
To form the passive voice the auxiliary verb thuek, which makes the verb passive, is placed after the main verb. The object, or undergoer of the verb, becomes the subject and takes the nominative case. The original subject may be omitted entirely, or can be expressed in an adpositional/adverbial phrase introduced by the adverb jgautc, "how", and not case marked.
Mleis elamraum avleldo.
eat DEFDefinite
"the".cat INDEFIndefinite
a nonspecific referent.bird.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
The cat ate a bird. (active voice)
Mleis thuek avlelt jgautc elamraum.
eat PASSPassive voice (valency)
be verb-ed INDEFIndefinite
a nonspecific referent.bird how DEFDefinite
"the".cat
A bird was eaten by the cat. (passive voice with direct object / subject of active form)
Mleis thuek avlelt.
eat PASSPassive voice (valency)
be verb-ed INDEFIndefinite
a nonspecific referent.bird
A bird was eaten. (passive voice, a direct object)
Causatives
Causative constructions (like "I make you pay them") can be formed in several ways. A common method is to use the auxiliary verb lo, glossed CAUSCausative (valency/mood)
cause an action to occur, force another argument to act. A simple causative sentence using lo takes the basic form of:
VERB causer lo subject object ...
Examples:
Cmak im lo ep eifs.
Cmak
pay im
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument lo
CAUSCausative (valency/mood)
cause an action to occur, force another argument to act ep
2Second person (person)
addressee (you).SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument eifs
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
pay I CAUS you them.
I make you pay them.
Polypersonal pronominals prefixed to the main verb can be used instead of free pronouns. The verbal prefix um indicates a 1st person singular subject and a 3rd person plural object:
Umcmak im lo.
um-
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument/3.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient- cmak
pay im
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument lo
CAUSCausative (valency/mood)
cause an action to occur, force another argument to act
you-them-pay I CAUS.
I make you pay them.
The main verb can have tense, aspect, mood, etc, as normal:
Medemveiv ep lo zmal uep.
m-
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument- ed-
PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech- em-
CESCessative (aspect)
exiting/ending a state- veiv
give ep
2Second person (person)
addressee (you).SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument lo
CAUSCausative (valency/mood)
cause an action to occur, force another argument to act zmal
money uep
2Second person (person)
addressee (you).SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location
I-infer_stopped-giving you CAUS money you
You made me think I stopped giving money to you.
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