cws
Greetings Guest
home > library > journal > view_article
« Back to Articles ✎ Edit Article ✖ Delete Article » Journal
Televek
0▲ 0 ▼ 0
Basic Info/History/Grammar
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 27 Nov 2018, 06:25.

[comments]
[Public] ? ?
3. Televek ? ?
?FYI...
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.

Televek is a highly fusional/inflected languages. It contains 6 genders (masculine-M, masculine animate-Ma, feminine-F, feminine animate-Fa, neutral-N, and neutral animate-Na) and 8 standard grammatical cases. They are as follows; Nominative (1. Nom), Genitive (2. Gen), Dative (3.Dat), Accusative (4. Accu), Locative (5. Loc), Instrumental (6. Ins), Translative (7. Trans), and Terminative (8. Term). The use of these cases is required in all forms speech, writing, and communication, and they have many different layers of declension. On top of these, there are several additional cases, the use of which are optional. The first one is the Comitative (9. Com) case. This is known as a recommended case, because its use is not needed, but is recommended for optimum communication. There are 4 additional cases that are known as optional cases, or colloquially, "lazy cases". They are as follows; Essive (10. Ess), Inessive (11. Ine), Ablative (12. Abl), and Allative (13. All). The use of these cases is completely optional, and it is not a mistake to leave them out in most forms of speech, writing, and communication. These cases are all (for the most part) somewhat simpler in terms of declension than the 8 standard cases.

1st Case: Nominative- The Nominative case is the standard case that all nouns appear in. It is used to express the subject of a sentence, and goes with the question "who/what is that?".

2nd Case: Genitive- The Genitive case is the case used to show possession, direction of travel, relation to an object, and destination/source. It is often accompanied by a preposition, but not always. In English, and equivalent would be, 'that is MICHAEL'S book', or more literally, 'the book OF MICHAEL'. It could also be used to say, 'I'm going TO CHICAGO', or, 'I'm coming FROM CHICAGO'. The question is, "without who/what?".

3rd Case: Dative- The Dative case is the case used to express an action done to an indirect object by the subject. In English, an example would be, 'I gave MICHAEL some water'. It is also used in reference to a place or person that you go to, but do not go in. For example, 'I'm going to MICHAEL/MICHAEL'S'. The question is, "to/for whom/what?".

4th Case: Accusative- The Accusative case is used to express an action done to the direct object by the subject. In English, an example would be, 'I gave Michael SOME WATER', or, 'I saw MICHAEL', and lastly, 'I read THE BOOK'. The question is, "who/what do you see?".

5th Case: Locative- The Locative case is used to show static location, exact location while in transit (such as where a moving train is at a precise moment), and is used whenever the preposition 'about' is used (to talk/care/wonder about someone/something). This case is rare in that its use must follow a preposition. An English example would be, 'I am sitting IN THE CAR', or, 'I am standing ON THE STREET', or, 'I wonder ABOUT MICHAEL'. The question is, "who/what are we talking about?".

6th Case: Instrumental- The Instrumental case is used to express the means/instrument by which something is done. It can also (more colloquially) be used to express direct contact with a person or object. It is also used to show static/non-specific location to a person/object, such as above, below, in front of, behind, etc. This case has several prepositions, but does not require their use. An English example would be, 'I am standing BEHIND THE HOUSE', or I go to work BY CAR'. When talking about people, it would be, 'I am coming WITH MICHAEL'. The question is, "with/by who/what?".

7th Case: Translative- The Translative case is used to describe transitions between objects or different stages. An example in English would be, 'MICHAEL graduated from university', or, 'MICHAEL became a father', or, 'MICHAEL got married'. It can also be used to describe an action when the verb is used in the form of a gerund or verbal-substantive. For example, 'the WOOD is burning', or, 'the LAKE is freezing'. The question for this case is, "who/what is changing?".

8th Case: Terminative- The Terminative case is used to describe the purpose or reason that an object is a certain way or is doing something. It very often proceeds either the question 'why', or the conjunction 'because'. For example, 'MICHAEL is sick because he ate bad food', or, 'because the joke is funny, MICHAEL is laughing', or, 'THE CAR is wet because it's raining'. The Terminative case is also used to describe definite (terminative) measures, such as, 'MICHAEL works for 8 hours today', or, 'MICHAEL works until 6pm', or, 'MICHAEL is 6'2" tall'. Another use of the Terminative case is to show movement up to something, indicating an end of travel. For example, "Dad drove the car up to THE HOUSE". The Terminative case can occasionally be used with conjunctive-adverbs, such as 'even though'. This case is very often used in conjunction with the Dative case, particularly following the word 'because'. The question for this case is, "who/what is affected by what's happening?".

9th Case: Comitative- The Comitative case is a more traditional or professional grammar case in its usage. It takes the place of the Instrumental (6th) case whenever the preposition 'with' is used. It is especially common to hear its use with animate objects, particularly people. An example would be, 'I am talking WITH MICHAEL', or, 'I am going on a walk WITH MY DOG'. It is not a required case, but is recommended for absolute clarity when communicating. The question is, "who/what are you with?".

10th Case: Essive- The Essive case is the first of the 4 'lazy cases', so named because most colloquial speech is lazy and does not use them, particularly outside of large cities. The Essive case is used in place of either the Accusative (4th) case or sometimes the Nominative (1st) case, and is often used in combination with the Translative (7th) case. It is used with the prepositional phrases, 'like/as an alternative purpose', and/or, 'instead of', to describe an object that is being used in a different manner than its original purpose/state. For example, 'Michael used HIS GARAGE as a factory'. It is known as the simile/metaphor case, since much (if not all) of its use is in metaphoric or simile-style sentences. It would be used in a metaphoric phrase like, 'YOU are dead to me', since "you" are not actually dead. All adjectives decline as if in the Accusative (4th) case. The question is, "who/what is being substituted?".

11th Case: Inessive- The Inessive case is the second of the 4 'lazy cases', and is used to describe the origin or means of connection of something. It uses the prepositions 'from a person', 'from a place', and occasionally, 'for the purpose of', meaning it occasionally takes the place of either the Genitive (2nd) or Accusative (4th) cases. An English example would be, 'THE FACTORY creates cars', or, 'The surprise party was planned by MICHAEL'. The question for this case is, "from/of who/what?".

12th Case: Ablative- The Ablative case is the third of the 4 'lazy cases', and while technically considered to be a form of Locative case, it is used in place of the Genetive (2nd) case. It uses the preposition 'from a place' to describe movement away from/out of/off of something. An example would be, 'Michael left HIS HOUSE'. The question for this case is, "from where?".

13th Case: Allative- The Allative case is the fourth and final of the 4 'lazy cases', and much like Ablative (12th), it is a Locative case that takes the place of the Genitive (2nd) case. Its sole use is with the preposition 'to/into/onto', and is used to show movement towards/into/onto something. An English example would be, 'Michael went to HIS HOUSE'. The question for this case is, "to where?".
✎ Edit Article ✖ Delete Article
Comments
privacy | FAQs | rules | statistics | graphs | donate | api (indev)
Viewing CWS in: English | Time now is 29-Mar-24 05:01 | Δt: 687.041ms