Personal Pronouns, Possesives and Reflexive
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Personal Pronouns
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 11 Jun 2019, 14:43.
[comments] ecigrammar,personal pronouns
1. Nouns and Numerals
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This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
1 | 2 Familiar | 3 Mouse | 3 Rock | 2/3 Formal 1 | 2/3 Formal 2 | |
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NOM | U | Rïbu | Uri | Ur | Pïb | Wangi |
ACC | Kung | San | Nuri | Fur | Mïma | Nawangi |
DAT | Yidu | Yrïbu | Yuri | Yur | Yibib | Yiwiangi |
GEN | Mingubi | Miruli | Muri | Mur | Mihi | Miwiangi |
POS | Ngub | Rul | 'uri | 'ur | Hu | 'iwiangi |
Case-wise, the personal pronouns have more or less the same function as nouns. The only exceptions are the genitive and possessive cases. But, person-wise, they convey different information. In Second Imperial, pronouns have T-V distinction. There are 3 levels of formality in second and third person pronouns: Familiar (2)/Basic (3), Formal I and Formal II. The familiar in the second person is used only within friends, siblings and pairs of the same or inferior status. It is called "Children's form". In the third person, the basic Mouse form is used the same way, or to insult someone, while the basic Rock form is used with all things Rock. Both basics come form the First Imperial's relative pronouns.
For the formals, I and II are the same in both second and third person. Formal I is the basic formal: children use it with their parents or teachers; and in the army, soldiers use it with their superiors. It conveys a sense of respect and deference for the referent. This form comes from the old third person Mouse pronoun. The Formal II, called "Imperial form", is the one used exclusively for members of the imperial family. Its nominative, wangi, comes from *Wáfítí Ngúpa, First Imperial for "My Emperor".
The genitive case is used when complementing a noun, while the possessive case is used as the possessive pronoun: basically, genitive is "my" and possessive is "mine".
Both are expressed through the dative case. Second Imperial is not a pro-drop language, but in this case can be: if a dative marking a OI is present without a subject, then the sentence is marked as reflexive. If the subject is present, is marked as reciprocal.
ni yidu 'ieni "We love ourselves"
U 'ieni ni yidu "we love each-other"
Again, there is no grammatical number, even in the pronouns. Number is expressed through numerals, marking the quantity of people involved. All pronouns except basic Rock third person use the -ni classifier. But, the numeral 'ie- is often utilized as general plural, as in the example in the Reflexive and Reciprocal section.
As can be seen, in reciprocal constructions, if the number is expressed in the subject, there is no need to express it in the object.
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