Kuazhang Finite Verbs
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puttin the fine in fineite
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 26 Mar 2018, 06:12.
[comments] izvverbsfinite
3. Kuazhang Gender
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Don't worry, finite verbs are surprisingly regular. Unless you need to use negative forms.Tense isn't marked on the verb; it's marked with particles. The past is marked by the particle lo and the remote past is marked by the particle al.
Taz varlô ša.
PROXProximal (proximity)
close to speaker.LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity live-INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis.HABHabitual (aspect)
done often or out of habit 1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
I live here.
Taz varlô lo ša.
PROXProximal (proximity)
close to speaker.LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity live-INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis.HABHabitual (aspect)
done often or out of habit PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech 1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
I used to live here.
Taz varlô al ša.
PROXProximal (proximity)
close to speaker.LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity live-INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis.HABHabitual (aspect)
done often or out of habit REMRemote past (tense)
'a long time ago' 1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
I used to live here a while ago.
Verbs mark three aspects: habitual, perfective, and progressive.
Iêma zužlô.
3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.FFeminine gender (gender)
feminine or female.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument run-INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis.HABHabitual (aspect)
done often or out of habit
She runs.
Iêma zužrê.
3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.FFeminine gender (gender)
feminine or female.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument run-INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action
She runs.
Iêma zužrên.
3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.FFeminine gender (gender)
feminine or female.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument run-INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis.PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing
She's running.
Verbs mark five moods: indicative, subjunctive, capabilitative, potential, and imperative.
Mirê ła.
eat-INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action 2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you).NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
You (will) eat.
Miž ła.
eat-CAPCapability (mood)
'can'.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action 2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you).NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
You can eat.
Mi ła.
eat-POTPotential (mood)
likely events, ability.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action 2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you).NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
You might eat.
Miñê ła.
eat-IMPImperative (mood)
command.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action 2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you).NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
Eat.
The subjunctive is only in dependent clauses, and has largely been replaced by infinitive constructions.
Zluže iêna ša zômeñrên iêna.
help-SJVSubjunctive (TAM)
hypothetical .PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action 3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.MMasculine gender (gender)
masculine or male.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient 1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument need-INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis.PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing 3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.MMasculine gender (gender)
masculine or male.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
He needs me to help him.
Zluzeiêv iêna ša zômeñrên iêna.
help.NFINUnknown code-INFInfinitive (TAM)
non-tensed verb.PRSPresent tense (tense)-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity 3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.MMasculine gender (gender)
masculine or male.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient 1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument need-INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis.PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing 3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.MMasculine gender (gender)
masculine or male.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
He needs me to help him.
Verbs simply add a prefix to make them negative. Before vowels (excluding i and ê) and single consonants (except t, d, and n), the prefix is t- (or d- before a nasal or liquid), but elsewhere the prefix is te-. Verbs starting with ê turn it into i before adding te-.
Ñejlô ła ša.
hate-INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis.HABHabitual (aspect)
done often or out of habit 2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you).ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient 1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
I hate you.
Dñejlô ła ša.
hate-INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis.HABHabitual (aspect)
done often or out of habit 2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you).ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient 1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
I don't hate you.
Depending on the sentence, the adjective tevia not one is sometimes added in negative verb phrases.
Žhamirê lo iuz iêna.
say-INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech thing-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity 3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.MMasculine gender (gender)
masculine or male.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
He said something.
Težhamirê lo iuz iêna.
NEGNegative (polarity)
not.say-INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech NEGNegative (polarity)
not thing-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity 3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.MMasculine gender (gender)
masculine or male.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
He didn't say something.
Težhamirê lo teviez iuz iêna.
NEGNegative (polarity)
not.say-INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech NEGNegative (polarity)
not-MMasculine gender (gender)
masculine or male.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient thing-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity 3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.MMasculine gender (gender)
masculine or male.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
He didn't say anything.
The passive is marked with the suffix -uz.
Vêlô vêik.
see-INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis.HABHabitual (aspect)
done often or out of habit 2PSecond person plural (person)
addressee (plural).NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
You see.
Vêlôuz vêik.
see-INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis.HABHabitual (aspect)
done often or out of habit-PASSPassive voice (valency)
be verb-ed 2PSecond person plural (person)
addressee (plural).NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
You are seen.
A reintroduced agent either takes the instrumental case (if it's the tool) or the genitive case (if it's the cause).
Ša ômirêuz lo henńo.
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument hit-INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action-PASSPassive voice (valency)
be verb-ed PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech car-INSInstrumental (case)
'with', 'using'.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
I was hit by a car.
(someone hit me with their car)
Ša ômirêuz lo henñe.
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument hit-INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action-PASSPassive voice (valency)
be verb-ed PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech car-GENGenitive (case)
possessive.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
I was hit by a car.
(I was hit by a car on its own, maybe it rolled down a hill) ✎ Edit Article ✖ Delete Article
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