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This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 6 Jun 2018, 10:50.

[comments] prwnounscases Pre-Wibbayuric (7 articles)

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1. Barshigas ? ?

2. descendant ? ?

3. Evolution of Verb Forms Across Wibbayuric and Ngoraic Languages ? ?

4. Gadadic Sound Changes ? ?

5. Pre-Wibbayuric Nouns ? ?

6. semitic style ? ?

7. Sound changes ? ?

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Menu 1. Gender 2. Cases Pre-Wibbayuric nouns decline into eight cases, two numbers, and are distinguished by two types of gender or class.

[edit] [top]Gender

Primary gender is either masculine or feminine, while secondary class is either animate or inanimate. Primary gender is marked on verbs, nouns, and adjectives, while secondary class is marked on adjectives and demonstratives.

Feminine gender is generally marked with the suffix -om. This appears on nouns, as a verb ending, and on adjectives.

Compare the following sentences:

1a. Ōnor ǣthom lōto.
be-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.MASCMasculine (gender)
masculine or male man(.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument) sad-MASCMasculine (gender)
masculine or male
"The man is sad."

1b. Ōnor ǣthom ṟīkoṟ.
be-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.MASCMasculine (gender)
masculine or male man(.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument) old(.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument)
"The man is old."

1c. Ōnom mōrothom lōtom.
be-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.FEMFeminine (gender)
feminine or female woman(.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument) sad-FEMFeminine (gender)
feminine or female
"The woman is sad."

1d. Ōnom mōrothom ṟīkoṟom.
be-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.FEMFeminine (gender)
feminine or female woman(.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument) old-FEMFeminine (gender)
feminine or female
"The woman is old."

1e. Ōnor lǣṅw ṯōḫwaṟo.
be-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.MASCMasculine (gender)
masculine or male fire(.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument) hot-INANInanimate (gender/class)
inanimate, sessile(.MASCMasculine (gender)
masculine or male)
"The fire is hot."

1f. Ōnom īkwetom ṯōḫwaṟom.
be-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.FEMFeminine (gender)
feminine or female water-NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.FEMFeminine (gender)
feminine or female hot-INANInanimate (gender/class)
inanimate, sessile-FEMFeminine (gender)
feminine or female
"The water is hot."

1g. Ōnor ṅōco khwǣkaṟo.
be-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.MASCMasculine (gender)
masculine or male bone-NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.MASCMasculine (gender)
masculine or male hot-INANInanimate (gender/class)
inanimate, sessile-MASCMasculine (gender)
masculine or male)
"The bone is white."

1h. Ōnom nōḡom ṯōḫwaṟom.
be-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.FEMFeminine (gender)
feminine or female surface-NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.FEMFeminine (gender)
feminine or female hot-INANInanimate (gender/class)
inanimate, sessile-FEMFeminine (gender)
feminine or female
"The surface is hot."

The following may be noted:

Gender is always marked on 3P verbs;
Masculine gender is unmarked on nouns in the nominative and adjectives except for words ending in /p t c kw k/, which take the masculine suffix -o, as seen in sentences 1a and 1g;
Feminine gender is marked consistently with the suffix -om on all parts of speech that take gender, as seen in sentences 1c, 1d, and 1f;
An epenthetic ḡ is inserted to prevent vowel hiatus with the ending -om, as can be seen in sentence 1h;
Some masculine words end with /om/, but this is part of the root rather than a suffix, as seen in sentence 1a and 1b;
Inanimate class is marked on adjectives with the suffix -ṟo, as seen in sentences 1e, 1f, and 1g;
The inanimate suffix and the feminine suffix combine into -ṟom, as seen in sentence 1f.

Plural is marked by the suffix -a(ḡ). This is appended directly to the root, with any other endings following it. The ḡ appears as above in order to prevent vowel hiatus.

1g. Ōnor ṅōco khwǣkaṟo.
be-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.MASCMasculine (gender)
masculine or male bone-NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.MASCMasculine (gender)
masculine or male hot-INANInanimate (gender/class)
inanimate, sessile-MASCMasculine (gender)
masculine or male)
"The bone is white."

1i. Ōnaḡor ṅōca khwǣkaḡaṟo.
be-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.MASCMasculine (gender)
masculine or male bone-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.MASCMasculine (gender)
masculine or male hot-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-INANInanimate (gender/class)
inanimate, sessile-MASCMasculine (gender)
masculine or male)
"The bones are white."

As the noun itself lacks a nominative ending, the plural is the only suffix on the noun.

By the time of Proto-Wibbayuric, the masculine nominative ending spread to all nouns and disappeared from all adjectives.

"A man is sad."

Proto-Wibbayuric-Ngoraic: Ōnor ǣthom-Ø lōt-o.

Old Wibbayuric: Únur átum-u súd-Ø.

[edit] [top]Cases

Pre-Wibbayuric has eight cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, locative, instrumental, ablative, and vocative. Examples of the declensions will be provided for six nouns: a regular consonant-final noun, an unaspirated, voiceless consonant-final noun, and a vowel-final noun, in both masculine and feminine genders. The words used are ǣthom- "man", ṅōc- "bone", and ǣta- "arrow" for masculine, and mōroth- "woman", cośōt- "word", and īgwa- "knee" for the feminine.

Nominative
The nominative case is unmarked on most masculine nouns. Those ending in unaspirated, unvoiced plosives take the ending -o. Feminine nouns take no specific nominative ending, but always take the feminine ending -om. Vowel hiatus is avoided with the insertion of -ḡ.

	singular			plural
masc	ǣthom	ǣthom-	-Ø	ǣthoma	ǣthom-	-a-Ø
	ṅōco	ṅōc-	-o	ṅōca	ṅōc-	-a-Ø
	ǣta	ǣta-	-Ø	ǣtaḡa	ǣta-	-ḡ-a-Ø
fem	mōrothom	mōroth-	-om	mōrothaḡom	mōroth-	-aḡ-om
	cośōtom	cośōt-	-om	cośōtaḡom	cośōt-	-aḡ-om
	īgwaḡom	īgwa-	-ḡ-om	īgwaḡaḡom	īgwa-	-ḡ-aḡ-om

Accusative
The accusative case is marked with the suffix -eṟ. As with the nominative case, -ḡ always appears between two vowels. In the feminine plural, the initial -o of the feminine suffix is elided, resulting in -a-m.

	singular			plural
masc	ǣthomeṟ	ǣthom-	-eṟ	ǣthomaḡeṟ	ǣthom-	-aḡ-eṟ
	ṅōceṟ	ṅōc-	-eṟ	ṅōcaḡeṟ	ṅōc-	-aḡ-eṟ
	ǣtaḡeṟ	ǣta-	-ḡ-eṟ	ǣtaḡaḡeṟ	ǣta-	-ḡ-aḡ-eṟ
fem	mōrothomeṟ	mōroth-	-om-eṟ	mōrothameṟ	mōroth-	-a-m-eṟ
	cośōtomeṟ	cośōt-	-om-eṟ	cośōtameṟ	cośōt-	-a-m-eṟ
	īgwaḡomeṟ	īgwa-	-ḡ-om-eṟ	īgwaḡameṟ	īgwa-	-ḡ-a-m-eṟ

Genitive
The genitive case is marked with the suffix -tor for masculine nouns and -ta for feminine nouns. As the feminine ending always follows -ta, the feminine genitive ending can be regarded practically as -taḡom

	singular			plural
masc	ǣthomtor	ǣthom-	-tor	ǣthomator	ǣthom-	-a-tor
	ṅōctor	ṅōc-		ṅōcator	ṅōc-	-a-tor
	ǣtator	ǣta-		ǣtaḡator	ǣta-	-ḡ-a-tor
fem	mōrothtaḡom*	mōroth-	-taḡ-om	mōrothataḡom	mōroth-	-a-taḡ-om
	cośōttaḡom	cośōt-		cośōtataḡom	cośōt-	-a-taḡ-om
	īgwataḡom	īgwa-		īgwaḡataḡom	īgwa-	-ḡ-a-taḡ-om

*usually pronounced with a schwa, i.e. [mo:.ɾɔ.tʰə.tɐ.ɰɔm], or with simple breathiness, i.e. [mo:.ɾɔ.t̩ʰ.tɐ.ɰɔm]

Dative
The dative case is marked with the suffix -mon for masculine nouns and -pa for feminine nouns. As the feminine ending always follows -pa, the feminine genitive ending can be regarded practically as -paḡom

	singular			plural
masc	ǣthommon	ǣthom-	-mon	ǣthomamon	ǣthom-	-a-mon
	ṅōcmon	ṅōc-		ṅōcamon	ṅōc-	-a-mon
	ǣtamon	ǣta-		ǣtaḡamon	ǣta-	-ḡ-a-mon
fem	mōrothpaḡom	mōroth-	-paḡ-om	mōrothapaḡom	mōroth-	-a-paḡ-om
	cośōtpaḡom	cośōt-		cośōtapaḡom	cośōt-	-a-paḡ-om
	īgwapaḡom	īgwa-		īgwaḡapaḡom	īgwa-	-ḡ-a-paḡ-om

Locative
The dative case is marked with the suffix -(e)sa for masculine nouns and -(e)sam for feminine nouns. The initial /e/ of the suffix is dropped except before unaspirated, voiceless plosives.

This case merged in use with the dative, and was eventually lost in Proto-Wibbayuric.

	singular			plural
masc	ǣthomsa	ǣthom-	-sa	ǣthomasa	ǣthom-	-a-sa
	ṅōcesa	ṅōc-	-esa	ṅōcasa	ṅōc-	-a-sa
	ǣtasa	ǣta-	-sa	ǣtaḡasa	ǣta-	-ḡ-a-sa
fem	mōrothsam	mōroth-	-sa-m	mōrothasam	mōroth-	-a-sa-m
	cośōtesam	cośōt-	-esa-m	cośōtasam	cośōt-	-a-sa-m
	īgwasam	īgwa-	-sa-m	īgwaḡasam	īgwa-	-ḡa-sam

Instrumental
The instrumental case is marked with the suffix -caz for both masculine and feminine nouns. The standard feminine suffix -om is replaced with -o in the singular, where it appears before the case ending, and in the plural, the standard ending -om appears.

	singular			plural
masc	ǣthomcaz	ǣthom-	-caz	ǣthomacaz	ǣthom-	-a-caz
	ṅōcocaz	ṅōc-	-o-caz	ṅōcacaz	ṅōc-	-a-caz
	ǣtacaz	ǣta-	-caz	ǣtaḡacaz	ǣta-	-ḡ-a-caz
fem	mōrothocaz	mōroth-	-o-caz	mōrothacazom	mōroth-	-a-caz-om
	cośōtocaz	cośōt-	-o-caz	cośōtacazom	cośōt-	-a-caz-om
	īgwaḡocaz	īgwa-	-ḡ-o-caz	īgwaḡacazom	īgwa-	-ḡ-a-caz-om

Vocative
The vocative case is marked with the suffix -ya in the singular and -yaḡo in the plural, for both masculine and feminine nouns. The standard feminine suffix -om is replaced with -o.

	singular			plural
masc	ǣthomya	ǣthom-	-ya	ǣthomyaḡo	ǣthom-	-yaḡ-o
	ṅōcoya	ṅōc-	-o-ya	ṅōcacaz	ṅōc-	-o-yaḡ-o
	ǣtaya	ǣta-	-ya	ǣtaḡacaz	ǣta-	-yaḡ-o
fem	mōrothoya	mōroth-	-o-ya	mōrothoyaḡo	mōroth-	-o-yaḡ-o
	cośōtoya	cośōt-	-o-ya	cośōtoyaḡo	cośōt-	-o-yaḡ-o
	īgwaḡoya	īgwa-	-ḡ-o-ya	īgwaḡoyaḡo	īgwa-	-ḡ-o-yaḡ-o

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