Uyendur Nouns
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A description of Uyendur noun declension
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 21 Oct 2017, 10:18.
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6. Uyendur Lexicon
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7. Uyendur Nouns
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11. Uyendur Verb Stems
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Class I includes all nouns that end in consonants
Class II includes all nouns that end in /a/
Class III includes all nouns that end in /u/
Class IV includes all nouns that end in /i/
Class V includes all nouns that end in any other vowel
The basic endings for masculine nouns are as follows:
singular | plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
indefinite | definite | indefinite | definite | |
NOM |
u -u | ut -ut | o -o | ot -ot |
ACC |
il -il | ilut -ilut | ol -ol | oloxt -olŏt |
GEN |
dur -dur | durut -durut | dor -dor | doroxt -dorŏt |
LOC/DAT |
mun -mun | muntu -muntu | muno -muno | munto -munto |
The basic feminine endings are characterized by a final m that appears in most suffixes. Following is a chart of the basic feminine endings:
singular | plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
indefinite | definite | indefinite | definite | |
NOM |
um -um | ut -ut | om -om | oxt -ŏt |
ACC |
umul -umul | umut -umut | umol -umol | umoxt -umŏt |
GEN |
udom -udom | uduxt -udĭt | udwm -udĕm | udaxt -udăt |
LOC/DAT |
ubom -ubom | ubuxt -ubĭt | ummo -ummo | ubaxt -ubăt |
Both the masculine and feminine endings undergo some amount of alteration based on noun class.
Class I comprises all noun stems that end with a consonant. To these nouns, the vowel suffixes in the above chart are applied unchanged. However, suffixes beginning with a consonant trigger mutation of the final consonant of the stem, resulting in either a geminate or a nasal. Additionally, the suffix -muntu becomes -mmutu.
Below is a chart of the standard masculine endings:
singular | plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
indefinite | definite | indefinite | definite | |
NOM |
u -u | ut -ut | o -o | ot -ot |
ACC |
il -il | ilut -ilut | ol -ol | oloxt -olŏt |
GEN |
ndur / ddur -ndur/-ddur | ndurut / ddurut -ndurut/-ddurut | ndor / ddor -ndor/-ddor | ndoroxt / ddoroxt -ndorŏt/-ddorŏt |
LOC/DAT |
mmun -mmun | mmutu -mmutu | mmuno -mmuno | mmunto -mmunto |
Stems ending in slack-voiced consonants retain slack voice in the geminated consonant if it is a stop:
xuD xuḍ- xuDDur xuḍḍur, xuDDoroxt xuḍḍorŏt, but xummun xummun.
Class I consonants have alternate, shorter forms for some of the genitive and locative forms. These forms are more common in speech.
The colloquial genitive form lacks the d in the -dur suffix:
xuD xuḍ- "sand" xuDDur xuḍḍur vs. xuDur xuḍur
atum atum- "man" atundur atundur vs. atumur atumur
The colloquial locative replaces the mu suffix with ux ĭ.
xuD xuḍ- "sand" xummun xummun vs. xuDuxn xuḍĭn
atum atum- "man" atummun atummun vs. atumuxn atumĭn
The nasalization of the stop can remain even without the /m/ to trigger it, though this is considered nonstandard and highly colloquial.
xummun xummun: xuDuxn xuḍĭn vs. xumuxn xumĭn
The feminine endings for class I nouns are identical to the feminine endings in the feminine ending chart above.
murut murut- "woman" murutum murutum, murutuduxt murutudĭt, murutubaxt murutubăt, etc.
Class II nouns all have stems that end in a. This vowel is recognizable in all consonant suffixes. Other suffixes of class II are identifiable by the presence of many different vowels, such as a, o, e, ĕ, and ă.
masculine | feminine | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | singular | plural | |||||
indefinite | definite | indefinite | definite | indefinite | definite | indefinite | definite | |
NOM |
oto -oto | ot -ot | w -ĕ | axt -ăt | onto -onto | ot -ot | wm -ĕm | axt -ăt |
ACC |
el -el | elut -elut | wl -ĕl | oxloxt -ŏlŏt | omul -omul | omut -omut | omol -omol | omoxt -omŏt |
GEN |
adur -adur | adurut -adurut | ador -ador | adoroxt -adorŏt | odom -odom | oduxt -odĭt | odwm -odĕm | odaxt -odăt |
LOC/DAT |
amun -amun | amuntu -amuntu | amuno -amuno | amunto -amunto | obom -obom | obuxt -obĭt | ommo -ommo | obaxt -obăt |
Class II nouns are notable for the singular indefinite nominative suffixes -oto and -onto.
Class II nouns have colloquial short forms for the masculine genitive. Like class I nouns, this involves replacing mu. The colloquial ending is -or:
darixadarixa- "ladle": darixadur darixadur vs. darixor darixor
kaka- "mouth": kadur kadur vs. korkor
There are no simplifications for the genitive.
Class II nouns all have stems that end in u. This vowel is recognizable in all consonant suffixes. Other suffixes of class II are identifiable by the presence of u, ĭ, and ŏ. In the native script suffixes containing ĭ spell it with the sequence ux ‹ux›.
masculine | feminine | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | singular | plural | |||||
indefinite | definite | indefinite | definite | indefinite | definite | indefinite | definite | |
NOM |
ux -ĭ | uxt -ĭt | ox -ŏ | oxt -ŏt | uxm -ĭm | uxt -ĭt | oxm -ŏm | oxt -ŏt |
ACC |
uxl -ĭl | uxlut -ĭlut | oxl -ŏl | oxloxt -ŏlŏt | uxmul -ĭmul | uxmut -ĭmut | oxmol -ŏmol | umoxt -umŏt |
GEN |
udur -udur | udurut -udurut | udor -udor | udoroxt -udorŏt | uxdom -ĭdom | uxduxt -ĭdĭt | udwm -udĕm | udaxt -udăt |
LOC/DAT |
umun -umun | umuntu -umuntu | umuno -umuno | oxnto -ŏnto | uxbom -ĭbom | uxbuxt -ĭbĭt | ummo -ummo | ubaxt -ubăt |
Alternate, colloquial forms of the genitive and locative exist for the masculine. The colloquial genitive replaces dur with ĭr and -dorŏt with -ŏrŏt:
turu turu- "method": turudur turudur vs. turuxr turĭr, turudoroxt turudorŏt vs. turoxroxt turŏrŏt
The masculine locative also has alternative forms, but only for the singular definite and plural indefinite:
turumuntu turumuntu vs. turuxntu turĭntu
turumuno turumuno vs. turoxno turŏno
Class II nouns all have stems that end in i. This vowel is recognizable in all consonant suffixes. Other suffixes of class II are identifiable by the presence of u, ĭ, and ŏ. In the native script suffixes containing ĭ, this class becomes identical in pronunciation to the u-class above, but for i-class nouns, this vowel is spelled ‹ix› ‹ix›.
masculine | feminine | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | singular | plural | |||||
indefinite | definite | indefinite | definite | indefinite | definite | indefinite | definite | |
NOM |
ix -ĭ | ixt -ĭt | ox -ŏ | oxt -ŏt | ixm -ĭm | ixt -ĭt | oxm -ŏm | oxt -ŏt |
ACC |
ixl -ĭl | ixlut -ĭlut | oxl -ŏl | oxloxt -ŏlŏt | ixmul -ĭmul | ixmut -ĭmut | oxmol -ŏmol | imoxt -imŏt |
GEN |
idur -idur | idurut -idurut | idor -idor | idoroxt -idorŏt | ixdom -ĭdom | ixduxt -ĭdĭt | idwm -idĕm | idaxt -idăt |
LOC/DAT |
imun -imun | imuntu -imuntu | imuno -imuno | oxnto -ŏnto | ixbom -ĭbom | ixbuxt -ĭbĭt | immo -immo | ibaxt -ibăt |
Like Class III nouns, alternate, colloquial forms of the genitive and locative exist for the masculine. The colloquial genitive replaces dur with ĭr and -dorŏt with -ŏrŏt:
Bamiḅami- "root": Bamidur ḅamidur vs. Bamixr ḅamĭr, Bamidoroxt ḅamidorŏt vs. Bamoxroxt ḅamŏrŏt
The masculine locative also has alternative forms, but only for the singular definite and plural indefinite:
Bamimuntu ḅamimuntu vs. Bamixntu ḅamĭntu
Bamimunoḅamimuno vs. Bamoxno ḅamŏno
Class V noun stems end with the vowels other than a, u or i, as well as the majority of loanwords. Class V suffixes all begin with consonants and thus class V nouns are entirely regular.
masculine | feminine | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | singular | plural | |||||
indefinite | definite | indefinite | definite | indefinite | definite | indefinite | definite | |
NOM |
ku -ku | kut -kut | ko -ko | koxt -kŏt | kum -kum | kut -kut | kom -kom | koxt -kŏt |
ACC |
kil -kil | lut -lut | kol -kol | loxt -lŏt | mul -mul | mut -mut | mol -mol | moxt -mŏt |
GEN |
dur -dur | durut -durut | dor -dor | doroxt -dorŏt | dom -dom | duxt -dĭt | dwm -dĕm | daxt -dăt |
LOC/DAT |
mun -mun | muntu -muntu | muno -muno | nto -nto | bom -bom | buxt -bĭt | kummo -kummo | baxt -băt |
As there are no changes to the stem, and no alternate forms of any endings, this is a comparatively easy declension class to learn. Uyendur nouns can be either masculine or feminine, and they decline into four cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, and locative. Nouns also inflect for plurality, and for definiteness. There are five different noun classes based on the specific form of endings that a particular noun takes.✎ Edit Article ✖ Delete Article
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