Verbs
▲
0▲ 0 ▼ 0
A description of the morphology of verbs in Evansk
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 8 May 2014, 07:42.
[comments] eskgrammarverbsmorphologyconjugation
1. A Short Dialog
?
?
3. Inn Deoror Kweððen
?
?
2. All that is gold
?
?
4. Bhagavad Gita
?
?
5. Blade Runner
?
?
6. Making a mistake
?
?
1. Common Names
?
?
Verbs in Evvānsk conjugate for mood (imperative, indicative), person (1st, 2nd, 3rd), number (singular, plural) and tense (past, non-past). Verbs have two non-finite forms: the infinitive ending in -u, and the gerund ending in -em. For example, the verb sprikku means to speak and the form sprikkem means speaking.
The present tense in Evansk serves as a habitual present (as in English he runs) as well as a continuous present (as in English he is running). Another way to form the present progressive, with more emphasis on the fact that the action is happening at that very moment, is to use the construction wesu att ____, where the blank is filled in by any infinitive (ič eom att sprikku).
Verbs in Evansk conjugate by replacing the infinitival marker -u with different suffixes. The following chart shows the conjugations of the verb sprikku (to speak) in the indicative mood.
Person | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
1st | sprikke | sprikkom |
2nd | sprikst | sprikkiðð |
3rd | sprikt | sprikken |
For the 2nd and 3rd person singular conjugations, double consonants in the infinitive may be reduced to a single consonant in accordance with the orthographic rules for vowel shortening. Conversely, if the vowel is a long weak vowel, a macron will be added to preserve vowel length.
Another example conjugation can be given of a slightly different verb with a long weak vowel: seku (to attack).
Person | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
1st | seke | sekom |
2nd | sēkst | sekiðð |
3rd | sēkt | seken |
Thus, the verb endings for the indicative present tense are -e, -st, -t, -om, -iðð, -en.
In the subjunctive mood, verbs take different endings. Here is sprikku conjugated in the present subjunctive mood.
Person | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
1st | sprikkur | sprikkarem |
2nd | sprikkirs | sprikkarið |
3rd | sprikkirt | sprikkarin |
Thus, the verb endings for the subjunctive present tense are -ur, -irs, -irt, -arem, -arið, -arin
The present tense of the verb wesu (to be) is irregular. Its conjugations are given in the following chart.
Person | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
1st | eom | erum |
2nd | ert | eruð |
3rd | ir | eoð |
And in the subjunctive mood, they are:
Person | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
1st | sjem | sim |
2nd | sjer | sið |
3rd | sja | sin |
The past tense in Evansk is formed by changing the stem vowel which is closest to the end of the word in the present tense, and dropping the -e in the 1st person singular indicative. Otherwise, the conjugations are the same. The list of vowel changes are listed below.
Nufjērst | Ārfjērst |
---|---|
/ɛ/ | /ɪ/ |
/e:/ | /ɑɪ̯/ |
/ɪ/ | /æ/ |
/i:/ | /ɑ:/ |
/æ/ | /ɛ/ |
/ɑ:/ | /e̯o/ |
/o/ | /u/ |
/u/ | /wo/* |
/e̯o/ | /ju/* |
/ɑɪ̯/ | /jɑ:/* |
* If the stem of a verb in the present tense has a glide before the primary vowel, that glide is replaced by /j/ upon conversion to the past tense. For example, ič čweorve is changed to ič čjurv.
To form the past subjunctive, use the past stem of a verb with the subjunctive endings instead of the normal indicative endings.
The past tense of the verb wesu is irregular. Its conjugations are given in the following chart.
Person | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
1st | weos | werum |
2nd | wāst | weruð |
3rd | was | weoð |
And in the subjunctive mood, they are:
Person | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
1st | warra | warrim |
2nd | warrir | warrið |
3rd | warri | warrin |
Conjugation to the imperative mood is simple in Evvānsk. In order to conjugate to the imperative form, simple add the corresponding pronoun to the end of the infinitive. Here are some example conjugations.
Evvānsk | English |
---|---|
ferujei! | go! (sing., polite) |
kwelluðor heom! | kill him! (plural, friendly) |
feručov inn.* | let's enter. |
sagueð kjom! | say it! (sing., friendly) |
* Verbs which have a separable prefix separate in the imperative form, just like they would in an imperative conjugation.
As is expected by now, the verb wesu is irregular in its command forms. They are as follows.
Evvānsk | English |
---|---|
sjeð! | be! (sing., friendly) |
sjei! | be! (sing., polite) |
sjeðor! | be! (plural, friendly) |
sjeijov! | be! (plural, polite) |
wīsčov! | let's be! (plural, 1st person plural) |
Comments