Pajtikih Morphosyntax
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Polysyntheticism
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 31 Jul 2019, 12:40.
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3. Pajtikih Texts
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Pajtikih words are divided into three functional parts of speech: topics, verbals, and complements. Pajtikih lexemes, however, are divided into the normal lexemical parts of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc.)
Both topics and complements in Pajtikih correspond to English nouns in most cases, though sometimes complements can be translated as adjectives. They come from lexemical nouns, or adjectives being used substantively, though adjectives can be added within.
I: Cases
Only complements have a case. This is the property which distinguishes them from topics. There are 25 cases in Pajtikih. Any case may be used as a pronoun that denotes a noun in that case.
| Case name | Case form | Case translation |
|---|---|---|
| Adessive | ngar | near, at, on |
| Apudessive | mi | next to |
| Inessive | gaw | inside |
| Intrative | se | between |
| Antessive | ngi | in front of, before |
| Postessive | duj | behind, after |
| Locative | tiw | at, in, on |
| Subessive | su | under, below |
| Superessive | suw | above |
| Ablative | ij | from, away from, out of |
| Allative | ke | onto, to, towards |
| Illative | seh | into |
| Terminative | mij | up to, until, as far as |
| Prolative | siw | through, by way of, along, via, for (in time) |
| Temporal | na | at, when there is/was |
| Instructive | dej | using |
| Instrumental-Comitative | guw | with |
| Aversive | de | against, avoiding, not at |
| Benefactive | mar | for |
| Causal | bi | because |
| Dative | gi | to |
| Distributive | nor | per, at every |
| Privative | bow | without |
| Semblative | kah | like |
| Vocative | mur | O! |
II: Genitives and Adjectives
Any noun or adjective can be put in this slot. The vowel ih is inserted between this and the root if there are no affixes that come between it and the root otherwise.
Adjectives also take comparatives. The first syllable is reduplicated for a comparative, and or is added to the comparative to form the superlative. Na is added to the end of the adjective in order to express not, less, least.
III: Diminutives and Augmentatives
There are various diminutives and augmentatives.
baj- of the highest rank
tuhla- just, only
ngu- a little bit of
tej- small (with full version)
ku- the whole version, full, expanded.
tir- any
mew- half
IV: Demonstratives
uj: the (only used for emphasis)
doj: this
ga: that (medial)
gaw: that (distal)
peh- too
V: Root
If there are multiple roots (translated x and y), they are connected with a.
VI: Number
The last syllable of the root is reduplicated to indicate plurality. Other numerical quantities can be indicated by adjectives.
VII: Second Genitive/Adjective
All genitives and adjectives go here after the first one, preceded by iw.
VIII: Spatials
saj: here
bu: there (medial)
buw: there (distal)
mar: north
nar: south
bej: west
dah: east
nga: left
ta: right
mej: one of
gor: the whole
IX: Pronominal Possession
Reduplicate any of them to mean own or self's
me- my
nuj- our (incl)
ih- our (excl)
tij- your (sg)
dew- your (pl)
ne- his/her/its
now- their
gene- one's
genow- some's
X: Honorifics
The most common honorific is the honorific naj, used to thank people.
Armu is used to denote religious contexts, especially gods
Tah denotes that the fault lies with you, not the person whom you are talking to.
I: Topic
The first syllable is reduplicated if the topic is actually the object. If the topic is the subject, nothing goes in this slot.
II: First root
This is all of the verb to the left of the hyphen in the lemma form.
III: Tense/aspect forms
Indefinite tense is the base form.
i: present tense
bi: present continuous
dij: present habitual
sah: hesternal
da: crastinal
mij: imperfect past
ni: perfect (past)
mo: habitual past
nej: pluperfect
nejni: legendary past
gaw: future
ga: future perfect
kaj: future continuous
kajni: legendary future
isi: always
IV: Incorporated noun
This is only found in transitive verbs. It is the subject or object, whichever is not the topic. It can take all the same endings as a topic, in the same order.
V: Evidentiality
The base evidentiality is used for having been told by a reputable person, or it can mean nothing at all
ti: I saw
titi: I dreamt
koj: I heard (not talking)
ge: I touched it
geti: I had a feeling
ej: I inferred
ejti: You told me
ese: I read it
ati: I heard it disreputably
ajti: I overheard it
ebe: Gnomic
uj: Requests, pleas
VI: Certainty
Base form is certain
li: I think it is certain, you know if it is certain or not
loj: I think it is certain, you may think anything else
ta: Probably
daj: Apparently
ni: In my opinion
suj: Can you confirm?
lu: Doubtful
na: Negator
VII: Second root
The part of the verb to the right of the hyphen
VIII: Questions
Base is statement
da: Yes/no questions
tej: Open-ended question
pur: ready/willing question
mi: Rhetorical question
miaj: Presumption
IX: Clauses
ni: Relative clause particle
niw: Relative clause with emphasis particle
Despite not actually being a relative clause, conjunctions are put in this spot.
dah- and
ngir- like
dor- but
ohne- because, for
nij- if
X: Adverbs
Any adjective can behave as an adverb when preceded by the vowel or.
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