Gutiskar Adverbs: view article

with the suffix -ó added to the neuter nominative/accusative singular of the strong past participle, very often omitting the vowel before the final consonant
with the suffix -vé added to the same stem as above

Example: svivnó “finally” from svivan, from the verb svívan “finish”.

[edit] [top]Adverbs of place and time

Gutiskar inherited the Proto-Germanic system of adverbs denoting place and time. These adverbs were most commonly derived from demonstratives/interrogatives, but it is possible to derive them from other adverbs as well, and even some common nouns.

The suffixes:

-r (or -ur) denotes stationary location
-ðrá denotes motion from a place
-ð or -ðré denote motion toward a place
-n (or -un) denotes time

Base form	Location	From	Toward
hiz “this”	hér “here”	héðrá “hence”	héðré, héð “hither”
þa “that”	þar “there”	þaðrá “thence”	þaðré, það “thither”
ƕar “who”	ƕær “where”	ƕæðrá “whence”	ƕæðré, ƕæð “whither”
aljar “other, else”	aljur “elsewhere”	ælðrá “elsewhence”	ælðré, ælð “elsewhither”

Some examples of adverbs derived from nouns:

Base form	Location	From	Toward	Time
hæmar “home”	hæmur “at home”	hæmðrá “(away) from home”	hæmðré, hæmð “(going) home”	-
vintrur “winter”	-	-	-	vintrun “at/during winter”
dagar “day”	-	-	-	dagun “at/during day”
nahtar “night”	-	-	-	nahtun “at/during day”

[edit] [top]Directional adverbs

Directional adverbs are another feature Gutiskar inherited from Proto-Germanic. These adverbs are formed from prepositions with various suffixes, giving them directional meaning.

There are three distinctions:

locative: “at/by (something)”
allative: “to (somewhere)”
ablative: “from (somewhere)”

Preposition	Locative	Allative	Ablative
i “in”	ínæ “within”	ín “into”	íné “from within”
uv “up”	ýpæ “above”	ýp “upward”	ýné “from above”
ur “out of”	ýtæ “without/outside”	ýt “outward”	ýtné “from without/outside”

[edit] [top]Comparison of adverbs

Like adjectives, adverbs inflect for comparison, ie. they have a comparative and a superlative form. Both are formed more or less the same way as the adjectival comparison.

Suffixes:

comparative: -ir
superlative: -ist

Some adverbs, however, have irregular comparative/superlative forms:

Adjective	Adverb	Comparative	Sueprlative
góðar “good”	væl “well”	batir, bær “better”	batist, bæst “best”
ellar “bad”	eltó “badly”	virrir, vír “worse”	virrist, víst “worst”
(miklar “large”)	-	mær “more”	mæst “most”
(lítlar “little”)	-	minir, mín “less”	minist, míst “least”
néƕar “near”	néh “near”	néƕir “nearer”	néƕist “nearest”

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