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From PEM to NPA
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sound changes mainly
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 5 Dec 2018, 11:59.

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Menu 1. A note on vowel length 2. Orthography 3. Stress pattern 4. ä-merger 5. Labiovelar merger 6. Spirantization changes 7. Palatalization 8. Laryngeal vowel changes 9. L-vocalization 10. R-vocalization 11. Velar backing 12. Syncope 13. Vowel height and length merger 14. Final devoicing 15. ʎ-voicing 16. uw-breaking 17. ə-epenthesis

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[edit] [top]A note on vowel length

Unless specified, all the changes that involve short vowels also apply to their long equivalents.
[edit] [top]Orthography

I am using IPA orthography in this entire article, which may sometimes differ from PEM and NPA orthography.
[edit] [top]Stress pattern

The first syllable is stressed in disyllabic words unless the second syllable ends in a consonant, in which case that is stressed.

In three-syllable and longer words, the second syllable is always stressed.
[edit] [top]ä-merger

æ > a
[edit] [top]Labiovelar merger

gw,kw > b,p
[edit] [top]Spirantization changes

b > dʒ / _i,y
b > bz / _u,ɯ
d > dz / _i,y,u,ɯ
g > z / _i,y,u,ɯ
k > s / _i,y,u,ɯ
l > ʎ / _i,y
p > tʃ / _i,y
p > ps / _u,ɯ
r > ʒ / _i,y,u,ɯ
s > ʃ / _i,y
t > tʃ / _i,y
t > ts / _u,ɯ
z > ʒ / _i,y
i > Ø / [+palatal]_#, [+palatal]_C#

[edit] [top]Palatalization

g > j / _e, ø
[edit] [top]Laryngeal vowel changes

ə,ø > a / _h
i > e / _h
ɯ > a / _h
u > o / _h
h > Ø
[edit] [top]L-vocalization

l > w
[edit] [top]R-vocalization

r > ʀ / _#
[edit] [top]Velar backing

k,g > q,ʀ / _a,ə
[edit] [top]Syncope

Let U = {e,o,u,ø,y,ɯ,ə}
U > Ø / unstressed and short
i > j / _#, unstressed and short
i > Ø / unstressed and short, otherwise

[edit] [top]Vowel height and length merger

long vowels become short
ǝ,e,o,ø > ɯ,i,u,y
[edit] [top]Final devoicing

All non-sonorants become voiceless at the end of a word.
[edit] [top]ʎ-voicing

ʎ > j / _C
[edit] [top]uw-breaking

uw > ow
yw > øw
yj > øj
ij > ej
uu,wu > wo
wy > wø
yy,jy > jø
ii,ji > je
[edit] [top]ə-epenthesis

Ø > ə / C_C (not VC_CV though, and glides don't count as consonants)
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