Ulyan Clauses 4) Adverbial clauses: view article

Adverbial clauses modify a verb, verb phrase, or a whole clause. Unlike complement clauses they do not function as an argument of the main verb. Rather, they function like an adverb, attaching to a proposition that is already complete, and adding additional information.

This additional information added by an adverbial clause may have to do with time (when, while, before, after, until), reason or purpose (“why”, because, so that, in order to, lest), manner or function (“how”, like, as, the way that), place (where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere, somewhere, nowhere), concession (although, still, even though, even so, whether or not, nevertheless), condition (if, unless, even if), and other adverbial relations.

As with other subordinate clauses, the terms ank (or a) and kai mark the start and end of the subordinate clause. Both are frequently omitted or replaced with other words.

There are various ways to construct adverbial clauses in Ulyan, but typically they follow the same pattern as complement clauses, with an adverbial subordinating conjunction (or some other word or phrase serving an adverbial role) placed in the “ank-position” of the adverbial clause. Normally the adverbial clause is placed after the main clause, but it can be placed anywhere, with kai marking the end of the adverbial clause, if necessary or desired. In other words, the typical form is:

main clause – [adverbial/subordinating term – adverbial clause]

But other forms are sometimes used, especially putting the adverbial clause after the main verb but before the main verb’s arguments (if any), in which case the adverbial clause is usually ended with kai:

Verb – [adverbial/subordinating term – adverbial clause – kai] – Subject – Object (if any) - Oblique arguments (if any)

When an adverbial clause involves hypothetical, contrafactual, or generally subjunctive type statements, the hypothetical mood (HYPHypothetical (mood)
if, or 'it could be') is often used, sometimes along with the assumptive evidential (ASSAssumptive (mood/evid)
assumed truth), which can function as a mood. For example:

Muskedcmed Davïdo [ jo emedzokri ].
m-
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I- usk-
ASSAssumptive (mood/evid)
assumed truth- ed-
PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech- cmed
hug Davïd
David -do
-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient [ jo
if em-
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I>2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you)- ed-
PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech- zok
see -ri
-HYPHypothetical (mood)
if, or 'it could be' ]
I would have hugged David if I had seen him.

[edit] [top]Adverbial clause subordinating words

The terms used to introduce an adverbial clause include relative pronouns (as used in complement clauses) and subordinating conjunctions. Additional terms are sometimes used as well. Some of these terms are identical to those used for making indirect question complement clauses (and as such are closely related to interrogative pronouns). The following tables describe the most common terms used to introduce adverbial clauses. Examples are given in English with the adverbial clause in brackets. Some of these examples are shown in Ulyan below.

Terms are grouped into separate tables based on the type of adverbial information (time, place, reason, manner, etc). These types are not strictly defined and some terms can be seen as belonging to more than one type (especially those expressing “condition” and “concession”). In other words, the table types are simply one way to organize the terms. They could be organized in other, equally valid ways. Also note that these table are not exhaustive and that there are many other ways to introduce suborinate adverbial clauses.

TIME

Ulyan	English	Description	Example
ksïz (or clertc)	when	”simultaneity, overlap”	I will eat it [when it is warm].
zaul	while	”simultaneity, duration”	I will cook dinner [while you chop wood].
nwel	before	”anteriority” / previous	You should go [before my mother gets here].
treja	after	”posteriority” / subsequent	We will eat [after they leave].
dau	since	”start of duration”	We have been hungry [since the river froze].
tcïl	until	”end of duration”	The cat will sleep [until we feed her].
dax	then	”sequential	They will leave, [then we will eat].
xrïs	whenever	”recurrence	You should visit me [whenever you are in town].

PLACE

Ulyan	English	Description	Example
jverte	where	specific location	I will meet you [where the river widens].
jyiju	wherever	nonspecific location	They went [wherever they might find work].

[? Add terms for: anywhere, everywhere, somewhere, nowhere?]

CONDITION

Ulyan	English	Description	Example
jo	if	”if X then Y”	The baby will cry [if you put him down].
jo	if (HYP)	possible or contrafactual condition	I would have hugged David [if I had seen him].
dek	unless	”X unless Y”	We will not eat [unless you get some food].
orj	even if; whether or not	”alternative conditional-concessive” (“if” plus “either-or”)	I will love you [even if you fight me].

CONCESSION, EXCEPTION

Ulyan	English	Description	Example
asina	although	”contrary to expectation”	No goals were scored, [although the game was exciting].
mag	even though, “X despite Y”	“despite condition”	She walks faster than me, [even though she is very old].
üta	nevertheless, even so, still	reverse of mag; “despite X, Y”	It is raining, [nevertheless we will have a picnic].
mlec	whereas	”in contrast”, whilst	I ignore him [whereas you can’t stop looking at him].
tlotc	except (that), but (that)	HYP but for exception	I would pay you [except that I don’t have any money].

REASON, PURPOSE

Ulyan	English	Description	Example
jlortc	why	general reason/purpose/cause/result (can usually be used instead of vmez, pwe, or ïlth)	You should help me [why/because you are my friend].
vmez	because	”reason”	He ate [because he was hungry].
pwe	so that, in order to	”purpose”	He ran [to get help]. He stood up [in order to see better].
ïlth	lest, in case	action to prevent possibility	She watered the flowers [lest they dry out].

OTHERS

Ulyan	English	Description	Example
jgautc	how, like, as	generally about manner, function, similarity, and comparison; also for similes and metaphors	She looks [how/like she is getting better]. Carry this [how/like I told you].
albj	rather than, sooner than, instead of	”substitutive”, preference	They will die [sooner than surrender]. I will walk [rather than fly].

[edit] [top]Examples

Brackets indicate the adverbial clauses. Note that in many cases the English sentences could be rendered in Ulyan in various ways. Sometimes the meaning of adverbial conjunctions overlap, allowing various ways to phrase things. For example, jlortc (“why”), vmez (“because”), and pwe (“so that”), have somewhat overlapping meanings. The least specific, jlortc can usually be used instead of vmez or pwe if desired.

Ïmifamleis [ ksïz tet iv olthdo ].
ïm-
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I>3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee- ifa-
FUTFuture (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech- mleis
eat [ ksïz
when tet
COPCopula
used to link the subject of a sentence with a predicate iv
3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee olth
warm -do ]
-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
I will eat it [when it is warm].

Mifaxalv [ zaul pitced kausdo ].
m-
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I- ifa-
FUTFuture (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech- xalv
cook [ zaul
while pi-
2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you)- tced
chop kaus
wood -do ]
-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
I will cook dinner [while you chop wood].

Pinlixüc [ nwel dzoc nev imua ].
pi-
2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you)- nlix
leave -üc
-SUGGSuggestive mood (mood)
suggestion, 'should', 'ought' [ nwel
before dzoc
arrive nev
mother imua ]
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.GENGenitive (case)
possessive
You should go [before my mother gets here].

Jifamleis [ treja nlix avz ].
j-
1PFirst person plural (person)
we (inclusive or exclusive)- ifa
FUTFuture (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech- mleis
eat [ treja
after nlix
leave avz ]
3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them
We will eat [after they leave].

Jusdoth [ dau edsrov zge ].
j-
1PFirst person plural (person)
we (inclusive or exclusive)- us
CONTContinuative (tense/aspect)
continuous or durational action- doth
hunger [ dau
since ed-
PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech- srov
freeze zge ]
river
We have been hungry [since the river froze].

Jusdoth [ tcïl ïjbijd ].
if-
FUTFuture (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech- uso-
CONTContinuative (tense/aspect)
continuous or durational action- jirm
sleep mraum
cat [ tcïl
until ïj-
1PFirst person plural (person)
we (inclusive or exclusive)>3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee- bijd ]
feed
The cat will sleep [until we feed her].

Vifanlix [ dax jifamleis ].
v-
3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them- ifa-
FUTFuture (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech- nlix
leave [ dax
then j-
1PFirst person plural (person)
we (inclusive or exclusive)- ifa-
FUTFuture (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech mleis ]
eat
They will leave, [then we will eat].

Kwazgüc ep en [ xrïs tet ep peibregdo ].
kwazg
visit -üc
-SUGGSuggestive mood (mood)
suggestion, 'should', 'ought' ep
2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you) en
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient [ xrïs
whenever tet
COPCopula
used to link the subject of a sentence with a predicate ep
2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you) pei=
in= breg
town -do ]
-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
You should visit me [whenever you are in town].

Emifajged [ jverte edrïb thuek zge ].
em-
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I>2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you)- ifa-
FUTFuture (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech- jged
meet [ jverte
where edrïb
widen thuek
PASSPassive voice (valency)
be verb-ed zge ]
river
I will meet you [where the river widens].

Edfuo avz [ jyiju zïndri avz trokendo ].
ed-
PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech- fuo
go avz
3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them [ jyiju
wherever zïnd
find -ri
-HYPHypothetical (mood)
if, or 'it could be' avz
3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them troken
work -do ]
-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
They went [wherever they might find work].

Ifudlen vïvi [ jo ïpejvaks ].
if-
FUTFuture (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech- udlen
cry vïvi
baby [ jo
if ïpe-
2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you)>3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee- jvaks ]
put_down
The baby will cry [if you put him down].

Emuskifamlis [ orj dlakri ep en ].
em-
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I>2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you)- usk-
ASSAssumptive (mood/evid)
assumed truth- ifa-
FUTFuture (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech- mlis
love [ orj
even_if dlak
fight -ri
-HYPHypothetical (mood)
if, or 'it could be' ep
2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you) en ]
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
I will love you [even if you fight me].

Emcmakri [ tlotc injgem im zmaldo jno ].
em-
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I>2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you)- cmak
pay -ri
-HYPHypothetical (mood)
if, or 'it could be' [ tlotc
except in-
NEGNegative (polarity)
not- jgem
have im
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I zmal
money -do
-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient jno ]
none
I would pay you [except that I don’t have any money].

Ipajgelüc [ jlortc tet ep myendo imua ].
ipa-
2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you)>1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I- jgel
help -üc
-SUGGSuggestive mood (mood)
suggestion, 'should', 'ought' [ jlortc
why/because tet
COPCopula
used to link the subject of a sentence with a predicate ep
2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you) myen
friend -do
-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient imua ]
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.GENGenitive (case)
possessive
You should help me [why/because you are my friend].

Fedmleis [ vmez fedodoth ].
f-
3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee- ed-
PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech- mleis
eat [ vmez
because f-
3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee- edo-
PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech- doth ]
hunger
He ate [because he was hungry].

Fedodeik vaun [ pwe zok dzeiyi iv ].
f-
3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee- edo-
PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech- deik
stand vaun
upwards [ pwe
in_order_to zok
see dzeiyi
better iv ]
3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee
He stood up [in order to see better].

Fedodeik vaun [ pwe xxxxxx ].
f-
3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee- ed-
PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech- veiv
give vas
water -do
-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient vlodj
flower -zmi
-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location [ ïlth
lest kothïb
dry_out -ri
-HYPHypothetical (mood)
if, or 'it could be' avz ]
3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them
She watered the flowers [lest they dry out].
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