The adverb
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1. Formation of words
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3. Sample texts
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4. The adjective
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5. The adverb
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6. The conjunction
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7. The interjection
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9. The numeral
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10. The preposition
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11. The pronoun
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VII. THE ADVERB.§58. Adverbs are distinguished as primitive and derivative.
§59. The following are the primitive adverbs:
a (before numerals), apiece, each.
ancore, still, yet.
bene, well.
denove, again, anew.
ergo, therefore, consequently.
gratis, gratis.
ipse, even.
cuasi, nearly, almost.
la, there.
leplu, most.
minu, less.
leminu, the least.
no, no, not.
plu, more.
respective, respectively.
retro, back.
si, yes.
sirca, around, about.
tro, too.
ya, already.
§60. The remaining adverbs are derivative, and they are formed by adding the suffix –e to other parts of speech or to roots, e. g.
dome, at home.
facte, in fact.
finie, finally, at last.
frecuente, frequently, often.
interiore, within.
continue, continuously.
lente, slowly.
multe, much, very.
notue, by night.
norde, in the north.
ostine, notwithstanding.
pede, afoot, on foot.
pene, hardly, scarcely.
posible, possibly, perhaps.
probable, probably.
rare, rarely, seldom.
serte, certainly, surely.
setre, moreover.
sicause or sicau, hence.
sole, only.
sui-tempe, in due time, duly.
sufise, enough, sufficiently.
tale, thus, so.
totale, totally, wholly.
ulteriore, further.
Remark. For the adverbs in -foe see §17 (Iteratives).
§61. The following are the Interrogative adverbs:
kefrecuente? how often?
kecause? or kecau? why?
kelfoe? which time?
kelimifoe? see Dictionary.
kelok? keplase? where?
kemaniere? or keyer? in what manner?
cuale? how?
ketempe? or ketem? when?
cuante? how much?
cuantifoe? how many times?
The interrogative adverbs can be used also as relatives.
§62. The prefixes si- and pre-, the preposition po and the adverb plu are joined to the word dio, day, to form words
denoting days close at hand:
sidie, today.
presidie, yesterday.
posidie, tomorrow.
plupresidie, day before yesterday.
pluposidie, day after tomorrow.
In the same way also from other roots, horo hour, semano week, menso month, anuo year, etc., adverbs of time are
formed, e. g. sihore at this hour, presimense last month, plu- posianue year after next, simomente at this instant.
§63. Adverbs are compared by placing the adverb plu for the comparative, and leplu for the superlative, before the
word to be compared, e. g.
tarde late.
plu tarde later.
leplu tarde latest.
§64. An adverb used to modify a verb is generally placed after it, e. g. scribar corete to write correctly, {mi
escriba corecte} I write correctly. The adverb {no} forms an exception to this rule, and is always placed before the
verb, e. g. {mi no scriba} I do not write. — An adverb used to modify any other part of speech than a verb is placed
before this word, e. g. {multe grandi} very great, {no ancore} not yet, {yuste isti} just this.
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