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Sound Changes from Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Libyic
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This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 28 Dec 2018, 22:43.

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Pre-Proto-Libyic
* Grassmann's law - If an aspirated consonant is followed by another aspirated consonant in the next syllable, the first one loses the aspiration.
- bʰewdʰ- > bewdʰos'awake'

* Initial /s/ > /h/
- saws- > haws- 'dry'

* Centumisation - Velars and Palatovelars merge together, labiovelars remain separate :
/ḱ/, /ǵ/, /ǵʰ/ > /k/, /g/, /gʰ/

- ḱerd- > ker 'heart'
- ǵebʰ- > gebʰa 'jaw'
- bʰerǵʰ- > bergʰos 'wall'

* Sievers's law - in a consonant cluster before a vowel, /j/ becomes /ij/ and /w/ becomes /uw/

- kor-yo-s > koriyos 'army'
- wr̥g-yé-ti > wurgiyeti 'to work'

* /r̥/ and /l̥/ > /ur/ and /ul/; /n̥/ and /m̥/ > /an/ and /am/

- r̥ta > urta 'natural'
- wĺ̥kʷos > wulkʷos 'wolf'
- ḱm̥tóm > kamtom 'hundred'
- dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s > dangʰuweh₂s 'tongue'

Early Proto-Libyic

* Initial h drops off from consonant clusters

- sweyd- > hweyd- > weydos 'wet'
- sneygʰʷ- > neygʰʷos 'snow'

* initial /kʷ/ and /gʷ/ > /p/ and /b/

- kʷerkʷos > perkʷos 'oak tree'
- gʷows > bows 'cow'

* monophthongization of /ey/, /aw/, /ow/, and /ew/ to > /iː/, /oː/, /oː/, and /uː/

- bʰewdʰ- > bewdʰos > buːdʰos 'awake'
- sneygʰʷ- > neygʰʷos > niːgʰʷos ' snow'
- saws- > haws- > hoːs 'dry'
- gʷows > bows > boːs 'cow'

* aspirated consonants drop off, lenitiate the consonants
/bʰ/, /dʰ/, /gʰ/ > /f/, /ð/, /j/

- bʰey- > fiːyos 'bee'
- bʰewdʰ- > bewdʰos > buːdʰos > buːðos 'awake'
- sneygʰʷ- > neygʰʷos > niːgʰʷos > niːyuwos' snow' [labialization drops into /uw/]

* unstressed intertonic vowels drop out

- dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s > dangʰuweh₂s > daniweh₂s 'tongue'
- wr̥g-yé-ti > wurgiyeti > wurgiti 'to work'

* loss of laryngeals

/H/ > /a/
/ah₁, ah₂, ah₃/ > /aː, eː, oː/
/h₁a, h₂a, h₃a/ > /a, e, o/
/eh₁, eh₂, eh₃/ > /iː, eː, uː/
/h₁e, h₂e, h₃e/ > /i, e, u/
/ih₁, ih₂, ih₃/ > /iː, jaː, yː/
/h₁i, h₂i, h₃i/ > /i, ja, y/
/oh₁, oh₂, oh₃/ > /oː, aː, oː/
/h₁o, h₂o, h₃o/ > /o, a, o/
/uh₁, uh₂, uh₃/ > /uː, uː, uː/
/h₁u, h₂u, h₃u/ > /u, wu, wu/

- bʰuH-yé-ti > fuHiyéti > fayeti 'to appear'
- kʷyeh₁-yos > piyeh₁yos > piyh₁ios > piyios 'quiet' [later form piːyos]
- dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s > dangʰuweh₂s > daniweh₂s > daniweːs 'tongue'
- krewh₂- > kruːh₂os > kruːwas 'meat' [/w/ insterted between /u(ː)/ and bare vowels]

Late Proto-Libyic

* Labiovelars drop labialization and introduce a /u/

- wĺ̥kʷos > wulkʷos > wulkuos ~ wulkus'wolf'

* /pʰ/, /tʰ/, and /kʰ/ > /f/, /θ/, /χ/

* /dl/ > /lV:/

* unstressed vowels in open syllables begin to open
/e, i, o, u/ > /a, e, a, o/

* terminal /a/ rises to /e/

* terminal /s/ > /h/ > /null/; terminal /m/ > /w/

- bʰerǵʰ- > bergʰos > beryos > berya'wall'
- kor-yo-s > koriyos > kariya 'army'
- wĺ̥kʷos > wulkʷos > wulkuos ~ wulkus > wulko 'wolf'
- ǵebʰ- > gebʰa > gefa > gefe 'jaw'
- krewh₂- > kruːh₂os > kruːwas > krūwa 'meat'
- wr̥g-yé-ti > wurgiyeti > wurgiti > wurgite 'to work'



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