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How to ask and answer them
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 7 Jun 2017, 00:36.
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2. Ulyan Adjectives
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3. Ulyan Adpositions
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8. Ulyan Comparatives
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9. Ulyan Conjunctions
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13. Ulyan Interjections
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14. Ulyan Irregular Verbs
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16. Ulyan number system
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17. Ulyan Pronouns
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20. Ulyan Verbs
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21. Ulyan Word Order
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A set of pronouns and adverbials are used for constructing "wh-questions". When they apply to a single noun or noun phrase they are placed after that it. When they apply to an entire clause they are usually placed at the end of the clause, but may also be placed at the start. Sometimes they function in a "fill in the blank" fashion and are placed in the appropriate place in the clause (this can happen with xo, mlortc, cwoe, etc). The most commonly used term, cwoe, often takes a case ending.
Ulyan | English | Function |
---|---|---|
cwoe | who/which/what | things, objects, people, etc. |
jvïc | whose | possession |
jveir | where | place, location |
clek | when | time |
jlail | why | reason, purpose |
jgau | how | function, manner |
xo | how many | number, quantity |
dortc | whence | where from |
tirtc | whither | where to |
verc | how far | distance |
tatartc | how often | frequency |
jleirtc | which way | route, direction |
mlortc | what kind of | type |
Examples
Edzok ep cwoedo?
[ed-
PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech- zok
see ep
2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you) cwoe
who -do
-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
Who/what saw you?
Edzok cwoe ab?
[ed-
PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech- zok
see cwoe
who ab
2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you).ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
Who/what/which did you see?
Edveiv ep tleimdo jvïc mraumo?
ed-
PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech- veiv
give ep
2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you) tleim
food -do
-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient jvïc
whose mraum
cat -mo
-DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location
Whose food did you give to the cat?
Edfuo ep jveir?
ed-
PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech- fuo
go ep
2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you) jveir
where
Where did you go?
Ovnotc jlail?
ov-
3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them>1PFirst person plural (person)
we (inclusive or exclusive)- notc
follow jlail
why
Why are they following us?
Fuo oms verc?
fuo
go oms
1PFirst person plural (person)
we (inclusive or exclusive) verc
how_far
How far are we going?
Fuo oms verc?
veiv
give ep
2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you) petl
apple -do
-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient mlortc
what_kind_of iam
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location
What kind of apple are you giving me?
Polar (yes/no) questions are made by adding the interrogative mood affix, (o)wa, to the verb.
A "yes" is given by repeating the verb; a "no" answer by negating the verb with in-. Or, simple yes/no replies can be given with te for yes (from the copula tet) or in for no (from the negative affix in-).
When answering by repeating the verb its form can be altered to give additional information. This can also change the answer, by implication, from yes to no or to something more complex.
If part of the question statement is wrong, the answer can be just the corrected part. For example, Q: Do you eat worms? A: Fish. If "fish" is in the nominative case the reply means "No, fish eat worms." If "fish" is in the accusative case it means "No, I eat fish." If the reply is "ep" ("you-NOM") it means "No, you eat worms." And if the reply is "ab" (you-ACC) it means "No, I eat you."
A different verb may be given as well, meaning the question was correct except with this verb instead of that one.
There is also the interjection ksü, which is placed at the start or end of a statement and serves to ask whether the statement is true or not. See the Interjection question section below, and/or the Interjections article.
Examples:
QUESTION
Mleiswa ep?
eat-INTERRInterrogative mood (mood)
asks questions 2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you).NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
You eat?
ANSWER
Mleis.
Yes (I eat).
Te.
Yes.
Inmleis.
No (I don't eat).
In.
No.
QUESTION
Edmleiswa ep?
PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech-eat-INTERRInterrogative mood (mood)
asks questions 2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you)
You ate?
ANSWER
Edmleis.
Yes (I ate).
Edmleisavo.
PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech-eat-OPTOptative (mood)
'wish, hope'
No (I wish I ate).
Edmleisavlu.
PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech-eat-DUBDubitative mood (mood)
expresses doubt
Probably not (I doubt I ate).
QUESTION
Ikmleiswa ep?
INCEPInceptive (aspect)
beginning of an action-eat-INTERRInterrogative mood (mood)
asks questions 2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you)
Are you starting to eat?
ANSWER
Usmleis.
CONTContinuative (tense/aspect)
continuous or durational action-eat
No (I am continuing to eat; was already eating).
QUESTION
Ifemleiswa ep?
FUTFuture (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech-CESCessative (aspect)
exiting/ending a state-eat-INTERRInterrogative mood (mood)
asks questions 2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you)
Will you stop eating?
ANSWER
Inemleisk.
NEGNegative (polarity)
not-CESCessative (aspect)
exiting/ending a state-eat-ABILAbilitative (mood)
expresses ability
No (I am not able to stop eating).
QUESTION
Mleiskwa?
eat-ABILAbilitative (mood)
expresses ability-INTERRInterrogative mood (mood)
asks questions
Are you able to eat?
ANSWER
Mleiskavo.
eat-ABILAbilitative (mood)
expresses ability-OPTOptative (mood)
'wish, hope'
I wish I was able to eat.
QUESTION
Mleisavo ep vleltzli?
eat-OPTOptative (mood)
'wish, hope' 2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you).NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument bird-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
Do you want to eat birds?
ANSWER
Vlivzli.
star-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
No, I want to eat stars.
Jmitavo.
catch-OPTOptative (mood)
'wish, hope'
No, I want to catch birds.
Some interjections pose questions or serve question-like functions. See the Interjection article for details. Notable question-interjections include:
Interjection | Meaning |
---|---|
ksü | Question marker; "isn't it?" Added to a statement to make it into a question, "this statement is true, isn't it?" |
jmïe | "May I speak to X?" |
jgiu | Huh? |
preu | What? Please repeat. |
dlui | "May I speak/communicate/have your attention?" |
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