WWM Morphophonology
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covphopho, or 'why the sounds change sometimes'
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 14 Feb 2019, 08:18. Editing of this article is shared with Ngerupic.
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WWM, morphophonology applies to both derivational and inflectional processes. There are phonological changes that happen across the board in the language, and ones that only apply to one or two affixes. Here is a list of all of the changes which happen.For information on what sound changes occur when words are compounded, check out the article on compound sandhi instead. This article only covers affixes.
[META: in progress]
a- G1/G8/G10 become w- with a following a
ma- 1I, pa- G2, and tha- G11 follow the same pattern (mw-, pw-, thw-), and ma- 'to handle X' becomes mw- too before a
so does the nominalizer nya-, which becomes w- before a.
a-arrata G1/G8/G10-flee -> warrata
a-ip G1/G8/G10-sew -> aíp
a-urr G1/G8/G10-stop -> aúrr
a-ttay G1/G8/G10-fly -> attáy
a- G5 becomes ea with a following a, but some younger speakers are merging it into the G1/G8/G10 form, and this happens dialectally as well.
a-arrata G5-flee -> earrata / warrata
a-ip G5-sew -> aíp
a-urr G5-stop -> aúrr
a-ttay G5-fly -> attáy
pa-/apá- follows the G5 pattern, except younger speakers never say !pwa-/!apwá-. Only pea- and apéa- occur.
twa-/tyarra-: place of X is invariant.
rta- allative/dative is preconsonantal only and so is invariant.
na- comitative and ya- genitive are invariant through analogy with na-/ya- + a- 'G10' = naa/yaa
i- 2P becomes ea- with a following a or i, except with u it becomes i-. before a consonant, ea or oa it is i-
rri- 2S, ni- G3, and ri- G6 follow the same pattern
so do minngi- 'human who has X' and thanhi- 'human who does X'
and ni- FOC on pronouns
i-arrata 2P-flee -> earrata
i-ip 2P-sew -> eap
i-urr 2P-stop -> iúrr
i-ttay 2P-fly -> ittáy
i- locative never changes
i-kwaaya loc-floor -> ikwáaya 'on the floor'
pak- ablative
k + vowel -> k + vowel
k + nasal -> ngk
k + stop -> doubled stop
k + l/lh -> lh
k + rr/ry -> tt
k + y -> ty
k + rl/r -> rt
pak-atti from-wall -> pakátti 'from (the) wall(s)'
pak-mupay from-bush.SG -> pangkúpay 'from (the) bush'
pak-paray from-basket.SG -> pappáray 'from (the) basket'
pak-lampi from-heart.SG -> palhámpi 'from (the) heart'
pak-rrummi from-roof.SG -> pattúmmi 'from (the) roof'
pak-yangútha from-wing.SG -> patyangútha 'from (the) wing'
pak-rlangka from-summer.SG -> partángka 'from (the) summer'
ngan- 1S: the n assimilates in place of articulation to a following consonant
an- G7 follows the same pattern
ngan-arrata -> nganárrata
ngan-ip -> nganíp
ngan-urr -> nganúrr
ngan-ttay -> nganttáy
ngan-wa 1S-take -> ngangwá
ngan-myarrma 1S-catch -> ngammyárrma
ngan-rta 1S-enter -> ngarnrtá
ngan-thama 1S-search -> nganhtháma
ngan-katya 1S-begin -> ngangkátya
ngan-tyatnya 1S-stay -> nganytyátnya
*note: the sole exception to this rule is on ay 'go/future auxiliary', where 1S takes the form n-, as in nay. However G7 still is an-, as in anáy.
rap- 'to possess'
p + vowel -> p + vowel
p + nasal -> mp
p + stop -> doubled stop
p + l/lh -> lh
p + rr/ry -> tt
p + y -> py
p + rl/r -> rt
ryarl- 'to make X'
rtarl- allative/dative, prevowel
rl + vowel/p/rt/ty/k/w/y/rl/r -> rl + whatever
rl + nasal -> rn
rl + t -> rlrt
rl + l/lh -> rlrl
rl + rr/ry -> rlarr/rlary
nyu- 1E becomes nyoa- with a following a or u, except with i it becomes nyay-. before a consonant, ea or oa it is nyu-
tu- G9 follows the same pattern
and ku- 'undo'
nyu-arrata 1E-flee -> nyoarrata
nyu-ip 1E-sew -> nyayp
nyu-urr 1E-stop -> nyoarr
nyu-ttay 1E-fly -> nyuttay
ay- to become
rnyay- ergative/instrumental/vialis
These delete their final y before a following w:
rnyay-wangay erg-insect.sg -> rnyawangay 'insect (ergative)'
Otherwise, the y is preserved.
-aw 1E possessor, inalienable
-angwa repeated verb deriver
With these suffixes, any resulting sequences of aa, ua > wa and any sequence of ia > ea. However, eaa > eaa and oaa > oaa.
As the possessive suffixes -a '3S' and -ap '3P' only occur after consonants (the vowel-following forms are different), they are invariant.
ka-aw part-1E -> kwaw 'part of us (not you)'
atti-aw skin-1E -> atteaw 'our skin(s) (not yours)'
atu-angwa become-repeatedly -> atwangwa 'to change'
-\a 1S possessor, inalienable
This suffix simply deletes any final vowel and replaces it with a. (This means that it does nothing to underlyingly -a nouns.) It does not occur after consonants.
ka-\a part-1S -> ka 'part of me'
atti-\a skin-1S -> atta 'my skin'
-irr 2P possessor, inalienable
With this suffix, any resulting sequence of ai, ui becomes ay, and any resulting ii becomes ea.
ka-irr part-2P -> kayrr 'part of y'all'
atti-irr skin-2P -> attearr 'y'all's skin(s)'
-ika/-i diminutive
Does not change except that ii becomes ea.
-ma 'transitivizer'
doesn't actually change (because it only fused to the verb rather late)
-rlwatirr 'in and up'
-rla 'nonvolitional'
ng + rl -> rn
p,rt,k + rl -> rt
w,y + rl -> rl
-tirray 'out and up'
m,n,ny,ng + tirray > ntirray
p,th,t,rt,rr,k + tirray > ttirray (th + tirray is expected tthirray but it analogized)
l + tirray > lhirray
rl,r + tirray > rtirray (rl + tirray is expected rltirray but it analogized)
w + tirray > wtirray
y + tirray > ytirray
In some dialects, this changes to the t-variant 2 pattern seen in -tway.
-tta 'augmentative' (shortens any preceding long vowel)
-tway 'out (and down)'
m + tway > mway
n + tway > nhway
ny,ng + tway > ngway
th,t + tway > thway
rt,r,rl,rr+ tway > rway (rl + tway would be expected to go to rlway according to sound changes, and rr + tway would be expected tway, but they analogized)
k,w + tway > tway
l + tway > lhway
y + tway > tyway
In some dialects, this changes to the t-variant 1 pattern seen in -tirray.
-tnyarlwa 'in (and down)'
-tha
There are many suffixes which are considered to be part of the -Cu type. These all derive ultimately from the
Wa Ñi -Cu verbal nominalizer.Essentially, a final consonant is doubled, and -nga becomes -ng. If there is no final consonant, the suffix is simply added, but any uu becomes oa, except in a handful of exceptions stemming from -ux in
Wa Ñi where uu stays as uu.-urr
-wa
tting--i 'lacking'
This affix doesn't vary except that the ng will assimilate to a following nasal.
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on 14/02/19 08:18+21[Deactivated User]goshdarn tags
on 14/02/19 08:17+800[Deactivated User]-tirray and -tway
on 22/12/18 04:43+27[Deactivated User]ni- FOC
on 22/12/18 04:41-67[Deactivated User]oops
on 22/12/18 04:41+63[Deactivated User]ya- GEN
on 22/12/18 04:39-19[Deactivated User]GEN is ya-
on 19/12/18 09:43+478[Deactivated User]u suffix outline
on 19/12/18 09:15+101[Deactivated User]na- and ya-
on 16/12/18 03:00+12[Deactivated User]folder
on 07/11/18 10:03-14[Deactivated User]minor formatting
on 07/11/18 10:03+100[Deactivated User]rl suffixes
on 03/06/18 02:54+49[Deactivated User]-ttay
on 18/05/18 06:50+72[Deactivated User]-ika/-i
on 14/05/18 07:20+4[Deactivated User]folder
on 14/05/18 01:20+16[Deactivated User]added ku-
on 14/05/18 00:11+211[Deactivated User]circumfix
on 13/05/18 23:46+331[Deactivated User]more suffixes
on 13/05/18 22:15+565[Deactivated User]more prefixes
on 13/05/18 21:53+937[Deactivated User]k prefixes
on 13/05/18 06:08-5[Deactivated User]smol fix
