Hierarchical agreement
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Funky preverbal particles
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 17 Feb 2016, 01:40.
[comments] mmnhierarchyagreement
1. Adjectives
5. Negation
?FYI...
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
Hierarchical agreement is one way of describing a set of auxiliary 'particles' that further describe who carries out the action and who is the patient of the action.
Because of the agent-patient focus of these particles, they only exist in clauses with transitive verbs.
The categories that divide the particles include animacy and person, which can also be described as an animacy and proximity distinction. Particles exist, for example, to describe a second person animate agent acting on a third person inanimate patient.
Kema mapini n'ahi ce
/kəmä mä:pini n̩ʔäçi t͡ʃe/
kema
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent ma-pini
1PFirst person plural (person)
we (inclusive or exclusive).2PSecond person plural (person)
addressee (plural)>3AThird person animate (person)
he/she/they, not it-hit.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current n'-ahi
the.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument.PREVOPrevocalic (phonology)
before a vowel-man ce
that.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument
Here mahu signifies that a familiar agent is acting on a distant third party patient. This can be truncated to ma- and prefixed to the verb to make 'mapini'.
If it were, on the other hand, the case that the man hits me, the sentence would be structured so:
M'ahim cim hepini apu
/m̩ʔäçim t͡ʃim he:pini ä:pu/
m'-ahi-m
the.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent.PREVOPrevocalic (phonology)
before a vowel-man-ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent cim
that.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent he-pini
3AThird person animate (person)
he/she/they, not it>1PFirst person plural (person)
we (inclusive or exclusive)/2P-hit.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current apu
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument
| 1First person (person) speaker, signer, etc; I/2Second person (person) addressee (you) | 3AThird person animate (person) he/she/they, not it | 3IThird person inanimate (person) it, not he/she/they | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1First person (person) speaker, signer, etc; I/2Second person (person) addressee (you) | mi | ma | me |
| 3AThird person animate (person) he/she/they, not it | hi | ha | he |
| 3IThird person inanimate (person) it, not he/she/they | ki | ka | ke |
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