Moods in the Nesyanian language
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usage examples etc
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 18 Apr 2023, 08:28.
[comments] eyigrammarverbs this is an addition to this thing
Article created in: April 2023
Both indicative and imperative forms remain unmarked, or rather: they have no specific affixes.
Verbs in their indicative form are marked for subject and, if the verb is transitive, direct object. If the exact object is unknown, it is marked anyway, with the suffix -in.
dulai.
Dulai.
dula-i
run-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.SUBSubject (argument)
I'm running.
naṡayin.
Naṡayin.
naṡa-y-in
read-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.SUBSubject (argument)-DODirect object (case/role)
I'm reading [something].
naṡaisa fwaji.
Naṡaisa fwaji.
naṡa-i-sa
read-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.SUBSubject (argument)-3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.DODirect object (case/role) fwaji
book
I'm reading a book.
naṡaisa fwajim.
Naṡaisa fwajim.
naṡa-i-sa
read-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.SUBSubject (argument)-3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.DODirect object (case/role) fwaji-m
book-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
I'm reading the book.
Meanwhile, imperative verbs are identical to their infinitive forms and can have only their direct object marked:
dulė!
Dulė!
dulė
run.IMPImperative (mood)
command
Run!
naṡėin!
Naṡėin!
naṡė-in
read.IMPImperative (mood)
command-DODirect object (case/role)
Read [something]!
naṡesa fwaji!
Naṡesa fwaji!
naṡe-sa
read.IMPImperative (mood)
command-3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.DODirect object (case/role) fwaji
book
Read a book!
In conditional clauses, the verb coming after “if” takes the conditional form, marked with fra- (i.e. only the condition is marked and not the result).
ru frameisab lenji, ṅeukari kahnė.
Ru frameisab lenji, ṅeukari kahnė.
ru
if fra-meisa-b
CONDConditional (mood)
would-come-2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you).SUBSubject (argument) lenji
early ṅeukari
please kahnė
wait.IMPImperative (mood)
command
If you come early, please wait.
It does not apply to situations when the condition is already met, thought to be met or supposed to be met, i.e. more like in the realis mood:
ru ṅexaugė dun tusan bei, arrunte dulab?
Ru ṅexaugė dun tusan bei, arrunte dulab?
ru
if ṅe-xaugė
COPCopula
used to link the subject of a sentence with a predicate-enemy dun
DEMDemonstrative
e.g. this/ that tusan
mind bei
your arrun-te
where-DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location dula-b
run-2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you).SUBSubject (argument)
“If your mind is the enemy, where do you run?”
(from here)
This mood is marked with the prefix tė- (or tėw- if the verb starts with a vowel), related to tewė “to want”. It is usually used after prepositions such as “(in order) to”.
deimusanai tėfimaṡ indesa.
Deimusanai tėfimaṡ indesa.
dei-musana-i
PTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech-ask-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.SUBSubject (argument) tė-fima-ṡ
SBJVSubjunctive mood (mood)
desired or possible events-stop-3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.SUBSubject (argument) inde-sa
do.INFInfinitive (TAM)
non-tensed verb-3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.DODirect object (case/role)
I asked him to stop doing that.
ilaxou jehikomun me tėnihaxousa temėm.
Ilaxou jehikomun me tėnihaxousa temėm.
ila-xou
fight-3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them.SUBSubject (argument) jehikom-un
soldier-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few me
in_order_to tė-niha-xou-sa
SBJVSubjunctive mood (mood)
desired or possible events-protect-3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them.SUBSubject (argument)-3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.DODirect object (case/role) tem-ėm
city-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
The soldiers are fighting to protect the city.
It is also used as hortative:
tėwussayou doiwai!
Tėwussayou doiwai!
tėw-ussa-you
OPTOptative (mood)
'wish, hope'-go-1PFirst person plural (person)
we (inclusive or exclusive).SUBSubject (argument) doiwai
together
Let's go together!
In informal speech, it can create somewhat of an impolite request or demand:
tėc’aisa twėm bei.
Tėc’aisa twėm bei.
tė-c’a-i-sa
OPTOptative (mood)
'wish, hope'-see-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.SUBSubject (argument)-3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.DODirect object (case/role) twė-m
face-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient bei
your
I want to see your face.
The potential mood is marked with ak- (in certain environments rendered as akė-) and expresses possibility; however, it is still distinguished from the verb agė ‘to be able; can/could’, as seen below:
agai naṡė.
Agai naṡė.
aga-i
be_able-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.SUBSubject (argument) naṡė
read.INFInfinitive (TAM)
non-tensed verb
I can read. (i.e. a skill possessed in general)
aknaṡayin.
Aknaṡayin.
ak-naṡa-y-in
POTPotential (mood)
likely events, ability-read-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.SUBSubject (argument)-DODirect object (case/role)
I can read [something]. (≈ it is possible for me, at the moment, to take something and read it)
It is also commonly used in many polite phrases and requests, for example:
utu akbayaiba?
Utu akbayaiba?
utu
how ak-baya-i-ba
POTPotential (mood)
likely events, ability-help-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.SUBSubject (argument)-2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you).DODirect object (case/role)
How can I help you?
akmeisabou ibzan?
Akmeisabou ibzan?
ak-meisa-bou
POTPotential (mood)
likely events, ability-come-2PSecond person plural (person)
addressee (plural).SUBSubject (argument) ibzan
tomorrow
Can you come tomorrow?
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