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Tnaaq verbs
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This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 24 Dec 2020, 18:25.
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2. Auxiliary verbs
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4. Phonology of Tnaaq
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5. Tnaaq clitics
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6. Tnaaq comparatives
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7. Tnaaq conjunctions
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8. Tnaaq derivation
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9. Tnaaq kinship
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10. Tnaaq nouns
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11. Tnaaq numerals
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13. Tnaaq prepositions
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14. Tnaaq pronouns
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15. Tnaaq relative clauses
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16. Tnaaq solar calendar
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17. Tnaaq syntax
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18. Tnaaq verbs
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19. Tnaaq writing system
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20. Tnaaq's background
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The Tnaaqian verb inflects for person, number, transitivity, aspect, mode and polarity. Verb structure is as follows:PERSON-MODE-TRANSITIVITY-STEM(ASPECT/POL)-DIRECTION-PL-POL/ASP
Verb roots come in a lot of forms both mono and polysyllabic: C, CV, VC, CVC... Some verbs have TAM suppletion, which comes in a different form for perfective and imperfective aspects:
There are two kinds of verb stems: simple, and affixed. Some of the affixed forms are no longer analyzable, but most of the times the affix shows transitivity, according to verb class. Where the affix is non-analyzable, it is retained in change of valency derivation.
Tnaaq verbs belong to a class due to their to transitivity and the semantic role of the subject. Verb classes have different aspect inflection.
Stem prefixes differ on their place in the verb morphology. For example, affix n- comes before the irrealis prefix, but a- occurs after it and before the root.
Stative verbs
These verbs mainly code states, positions and locations. These verbs forms usually have a long vowel in the last syllable. The verb agrees with the subject in person and number.
Most of these verbs have two forms according to their use as predicates or as part of a noun phrase. Attributive and predicative forms correspond to each other in the following way:
Pred Attr
CVVCV CVC
(CV)CVV (CV)CVh
CVC1C1V CVVC
CVC1C2V CVCC
Quu hkistar.
quu
red.PRED h-kistar
DEF-chair
The chair is red
sKiRKeiStRQiX
Akruust hkistar quh
a-k-ruu=st
IMPImperative (mood)
command-2Second person (person)
addressee (you)-give=1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location k-kistar
DEFDefinite
"the"-chair quh
red.ATTAttributive
part of a noun or determiner phrase
Give me the red chair.
When verbs of forms different than CVVCV are used in a NP they take a suffix -n for inherent qualities or permanent states. This -n shifts to -r after n.
UiFTeSpdTNRpiTN.
Tuuhutkis qataitn rqaatn
tuuh-u=tk=is
afraid=3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.MMasculine gender (gender)
masculine or male.LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc=EMPHUnknown code qatai-tn
build-RESResultative (aspect/mood)
occurs as result of another action rqat-n
tall-ATTAttributive
part of a noun or determiner phrase
He's afraid of tall buildings.
The perfective is marked mostly by a suffix -t. Several verbs have suppletive forms. Progressive is not used, the general imperfective form (unmarked) is used instead.
xiVTKnTKRVNPkNhNKkik.
Iihut knatkr nunq kanhan hkaaka
ii=hut
sit=butt k-natkr
DEFDefinite
"the"-girl nunq
LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc kanha-n
arm-INALInalienable (possesson)
thing that can't be gained or lost h-kaak=a
DEFDefinite
"the"-ANIMUnknown code-tree=GENGenitive (case)
possessive
The girl is sitting on a branch of the tree.
xiVTKnTKRVNPkNhNKkik.
Iitut knatkr nunq kanhan hkaaka
ii-t=ut
sit-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action=butt k-natkr
DEFDefinite
"the"-girl nunq
LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc kanha-n
arm-INALInalienable (possesson)
thing that can't be gained or lost h-kaak=a
DEFDefinite
"the"-ANIMUnknown code-tree=GENGenitive (case)
possessive
The girl sat on a branch of the tree.
Stative verbs can be turned into a dynamic verb by a prefix tu- or ta-, according to the control of the subject on the event.
Nuu hqau riiq ntauq hqiinuta.
nuu
stand h-qau
DEFDefinite
"the"-dog riiq
small n=nauq
LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc=on h-qiinuta
DEFDefinite
"the"-chair
The small dog is standing on the chair
At hqau riiq tunuut ntauq hqiinuta.
at
PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action k-qau
DEFDefinite
"the"-dog riiq
small tu-nuu-t
AGUnknown code-stand-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action n=nauq
LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc=on h-qiinuta
DEFDefinite
"the"-chair
The small dog stood up on the chair.
At hqau riiq tanuut ntauq hqiinuta.
at
PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action h-qau
DEFDefinite
"the"-ANIMUnknown code-dog riiq
small.ATTAttributive
part of a noun or determiner phrase ta-nuu-t
AGUnknown code-stand-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action n=nauq
LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc=on h-qiinuta
DEFDefinite
"the"-chair
The small dog stood up on the chair (on command).
When this derivations are then made causative they show indirect and direct causation.
Atr atunuut hqau riiq ntauq hqiinuta.
He made the little dog stand up on the chair (holding it).
Atr atanuut hqau riiq ntauq hqiinuta.
He made the little dog stand up on the chair (on command)
Unaccusative verbs
These verbs are intransitive. Their subject is a patient and has no control on the event. The verb must agree with the subject.
.xTUiPDfMMNN
Tuuqtauhi nanunr.
tuuq-t=auhi
fall-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action=just na-n-un-n
FFeminine gender (gender)
feminine or female-3FThird person feminine (person)
she/they.POSSPossessive (case)
owns, has-grandparent/child-INALInalienable (possesson)
thing that can't be gained or lost
Her grandmother/granddaughter just fell.
This verbs have a perfective form with the suffix -t or suppletion. They also have a progressive form.
Unergative verbs
These are also intransitive. The subject is an agent, and has control over the activity. Verbs of movement are included in this class
Tutu kinququnihki qar hqutanhaih n stauq sasau?
Tu=tu
QInterrogative
question=foot k-i-nqu-qu-n-ihk-i
2Second person (person)
addressee (you)-QInterrogative
question-HABHabitual (aspect)
done often or out of habit-go-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few qar
to k-qutanhaih
DEFDefinite
"the"-school n
LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc stauq
morning sasau
every
Do you guys walk to school every morning?
These verbs have both suffix and auxiliary perfective forms, the variation being social. They also have a progressive form and a perfect, made with a combination of the progressive n and perfective -t.
.SNtSATQNis
Saa nqut austans
Saa
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I n=qut
LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc=home ∅-austans
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee-return
I'm coming back home.
.TSNtSATQNis
Saa nqut austanst
Saa
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I n=qut
LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc=home austans-t
return-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action
I have come back home.
The subject can be marked as having no control (a patient) with the suffix -un. This suffix is also used for direct causation. Indirect causation is marked with prefix ax-.
.TQNZNtSAS
Saustansuntqut
s-austans-un-t=qut
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I-return-CAUSCausative (valency/mood)
cause an action to occur, force another argument to act-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action=home
I was sent back home (someone took me).
.TSNtSAxTis
Sahaustanstqut
s-ah-austans-t=qut
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I-CAUSCausative (valency/mood)
cause an action to occur, force another argument to act-return-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action=home
I was sent back home (by command).
Transitive verbs
These verbs are transitive. The marked person on the verb is the patient. The agent is marked with a nominative clitic that is obligatory. The object clitic appears only when there's no NP present.
Atistn aahqutr krastirkan sqant.
at-i=st=n
PFV-PL=1.DAT=PL aahqut-t
hunt-NMZ k-ta-stirkan
DEF-NMZ.M-defend sqant
boar
The soldier hunted some boars for us.
Atistkn aahqutr sqant.
at-i=st=k=n
PFV-PL=1.DAT=2.ERG=PL aahqut-t
hunt-NMZ sqant
boar
You hunted some boars for us.
Transitive verbs can have auxiliaries at, ihk and n. There is a passive formed with prefix iq-, verbs with this prefix behave like unaccusatives.
Verb class derivation
Every verb root has a class usually unmarked. These roots take a series of derivative affixes that change the number and/or the semantic role of the argument(s).
| Class-Semantic role | Stative | Unaccusative (Patient) | Unergative (Agent) | Causative | Applicative |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Class A | -n | -un | ∅- | a(h)- | nuh- |
| Class P | n- | ∅- | a- | si- | nur- |
| Clas S | ∅- | -ta- | -tu- | ata-/atu- | nur- |
| Class T | -tn | ∅- | a- | us- | nuh- |
Here are some examples of the verb classes.
Class P tuuq: fall
Unaccusative: tuuq (fall by accident)
Unergative: atuuq (to fall on purpose)
Stative: ntuuq (to be fallen)
Causative: ustuuq to fell
Class A
Class T:
asty: to taste
iqasty: to be tasted
ahasty: to taste things (antipassive)
qunasty: to taste (by accident)
astytn: to have been tasted
usasty: to make sb taste (causative)
At atuuqnihkr Ta Sirauni n hyyhaini
at
PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action a-tuuq-n-ihk-t
UNACCUnaccusative (voice)
voice that signals an accusative subject-fall-MOVUnknown code-ANDAndative (direction)
going 'away'-¨PFV ta-Sirauni
MMasculine gender (gender)
masculine or male-Sirauni nunq
LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc hyyhaini
sand
Sirauni threw himself on the sand
Ntuuq quhquus qunahqna
n-tuuq
STATStative (case)
attribute assignment-fall k-hquus
DEFDefinite
"the"-palm k-unahq=n=a
DEFDefinite
"the"-park=INALInalienable (possesson)
thing that can't be gained or lost=GENGenitive (case)
possessive
The palm tree of the park is fallen
Any verb in Tnaaq can take a valency increasing prefix according to its transitivity.
Causatives have 4 different forms depending on the class the verb belongs to.
Applicatives have 4 different forms, 2 of them realis and the other 2 irrealis. The forms with h- are used with agentive like verbs and the forms with r- with non agents.
Atryyna cut the carrots
At Atryyna nuustat nauryk
Atryyna cut the carrots for his mother
At Atryyna nuhnuustat nauryk
kat Atryyna nuhnuustat nauryk
at
Atryyna
knuhnuustat
nauryk
Atryyna cut the carrots for you
Person is marked by a prefix:
| First | Second | Third |
|---|---|---|
| s- | k- | ,∅- |
Only one argument can be marked in the verb. In intransitive verbs the subject is the marked argument. In transitive verbs it is the patient and it is the recipient in ditransitives, this means the language is ergative and has primary object in person inflection.
Several ways are used to change the verb class (see above). There are some others that are used for this purpose and add or remove an argument to the verb. These are the causative, applicative and passive prefixes and the reflexive and reciprocal clitics.
The following examples show how person and voice marking work together:
hain p be cleaned, prepared, ready (inanimate)
nain s be clean (animate)
anain nau a clean oneself, take a bath
usain *p+a* bathe sb.
nurain- p+b be cleaned, prepared for sb
nurusain- *p+a*+b bathe for sb
iqusain- *p(+a)* be bathed by, be cleaned by (no agent deletion).
iqnurain- p (+b) be cleaned for sb.
iqnurusain- *p(+a)*+b be bathed for sb.
Qaak knaikntau us htaasi nasnqina.
The backyard is ready for my daughter's party.
Qaak nasnqin urs qutaasi.
My daughter is ready for her party.
Stunan iiq stiktaq.
I usually bathe with cold water.
Usanyn knaasqau.
She bathes the puppy
Sa n ryysir taasi s nasnqin.
We're preparing a party for my daughter.
The verbs can have a suffix for plural. The most common is -i, whici is used for the plural of intransitive verbs and plural objects. Another suffix, -ah, is used for plural subjects (if the object is singular).
Tiik hkuuna hynyra
tiik
bite k-kuuna
DEFDefinite
"the"-horse hynyra
apple
The horse bites an apple
Tiiki hkuuna hynyra
tiik-i
bite-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few k-kuuna
DEFDefinite
"the"-horse hynyra
apple
The horse(s) bite(s) some apples
Tiikah hkuuna hynyra
tiik-ah
bite-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.SUBJUnknown code k-kuuna
DEFDefinite
"the"-horse hynyra
apple
The horses bite an apple
Aspect is marked by different processes. There are partial reduplications, affixation and some auxiliary verbs.
Some on allomorphs: The suffix -t has a variant -r when followed by a obstruent.
Completive
Completive is used to talk about finished events. It is marked by a suffix -t for intransitive verbs, and the auxiliary verb -at, negative -atan (to go) for transitives. The auxiliary verb is inflected and the main verb requires suffix -t.
Sati ruut taknqan nartn.
s-at-i
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I-COMPComparative (comparison)
e.g. 'better'-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few ruu-t
give-NMZNominaliser
makes other word a noun ta-k-nqa-n
MMasculine gender (gender)
masculine or male-KINKinship ties (respect/formality)
between family members-2Second person (person)
addressee (you)-parent-INALInalienable (possesson)
thing that can't be gained or lost nar-tn
eat-NMZNominaliser
makes other word a noun.PATPatient (role)
recipient or target of event/action
Your father gave us some food
Cessative
This form is made with the auxiliary at, but the main verb doesn't get a suffix -t. It can be used with any type of verb.
This conjugation refers to the end of a process, whether it is about to happen of it has just finished in the present(immediate tense). The clitics =hai 'suddenly' and =auhi 'just' are often used.
Atihauhi hqurun tuuquq nkraa kak.
at-i=auhi
CESCessative (aspect)
exiting/ending a state=just h-qurun
DEFDefinite
"the"-fruit tuuq-uq
fall-DISTRDistributive (case)
'each', 'per' nkraa
from h-kak
DEFDefinite
"the"-tree
The fruits are stopped falling from the trees.
Atai ra qukkan qarauk!
at=hai
CESCessative (aspect)
exiting/ending a state=suddenly ra
3AThird person animate (person)
he/she/they, not it.POSSPossessive (case)
owns, has qukkan
heart qarauk
beat
His heart just stopped beating!
Habitual
Habitual is used to refer to events that happen frecuently. Habitual is marked by reduplication of the first syllable of the root. It can be used with both transitive and intransitive verbs:
Sytauq sytauq nanar nasiisakn
sytauq sytauq
every morning na-nar
HABHabitual (aspect)
done often or out of habit-run na-s-iisak-n
FFeminine gender (gender)
feminine or female-1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I-sibling-INALInalienable (possesson)
thing that can't be gained or lost
My sister runs every morning
Inchoative
Inchoative is used to talk about events that are starting and for things that are about to start (near future). It is marked by the auxiliary verb -ihk (negative -ahkin), to come. The main verb gets suffix -t only if the event has already begun.
Ihk siiqsaqr
ihk
INCHInchoative (aspect)
'beginning, becoming' siiqsaq-t
rain-NMZNominaliser
makes other word a noun
It's beginning to rain.
Ihk siiqsaq
ihk
INCHInchoative (aspect)
'beginning, becoming' siiqsaq-t
rain
It's going to rain soon
Progressive
The present progressive is used for events that are currently happening and last for a while. It is not used with stative verbs. The particle n is prepossed to the verb, and receives all the clitics associated.
Resultative/continuous
The continuous is used for current states or the result of events. It is marked by the same preffix n- of the progressive, but the verb also takes suffix -t. It is not used with stative verbs.
Iterative-distributive
This is actually a productive derivative process, used for activities and events that recurrent or repeated. It is maked by reduplicating the last VC(C) of the stem if it ends with a consonant, or with a suffix -hV if it ends with a vowel. This verb stems can then be inflected and used with auxiliary verbs.
Auqaihiis hquus n arkaa ias.
They planted the palm trees twenty four years ago.
Quq quq auqaihiis hquus.
They planted the palm trees everyday.
Experiential perfect
This aspect is made with the auxiliary 'ii' and the lexical verb relativized with n and marked with a resultative suffix. Any kind of verb
Iisk n hiikrtn naik.
I have butchered a pig (before).
Stiiskuq naik n hiikrtn!
stiis-i-=sk=uq
EXISTExistential (case)
'there is'.NEGNegative (polarity)
not-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few=1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc=EMPHUnknown code naik
pig
n
REL hiikr-tn
NMZNominaliser
makes other word a noun-butcher-RESResultative (aspect/mood)
occurs as result of another action
I havent butchered a pig before!
Tnaaq verbs have a prefixed form for irrealis and interrogative which tends to be the same form in most of the verbs with i-, but there are some that retain a different form for the irrealis, usually with a different prefix u-. Irrealis is often fused with other prefixes, as a form of vowel variation where the i- form is the irrealis one. Interrogative forms are only different from irrealis on a limited set of verbs which are often irregular.
There are a series of prefixes (most of them were formerly verbs) that add a modal meaning to the verb. They are not restricted to any verb class, but change the verb into a class A, this change in the verb alignment makes a change in the person marking. These prefixes actually are a string of two prefixes and irrealis comes between each part.
n*tau- can (permanently able)
n*tauk-can't (idem able)
n*sa- intend
n*sak- intend neg
This prefixes can combine with a clitic to indicate epistemic modality. There are two values:
=tqai: posibilidad ligera (+ nta)
=hyyk: posibilidad fuerte (+ nta)
h*qa-can (current situation)
h*qak- can't (current)
nar- can (permiso)
nark- can't (permiso)
▼ Examples
Evidentiality is marked with some second position clitics.
There is a special marker for imperative, a-. This goes before the second person prefix. There is also a negative form, ai-. The person marked is the agent, but the verb plural remains patient-aligned.
Aksutyyti kankausan uu nunq hqiinuta.
a-k-sutyyt-i
IMPImperative (mood)
command-2Second person (person)
addressee (you)-peel-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.PATPatient (role)
recipient or target of event/action k-ankausan
DEFDefinite
"the"-orange uu
DISTDistal (proximity)
far from speaker (and addressee) n=unq
LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc=on k-qiinuta
DEFDefinite
"the"=table
Peel those oranges on the table.
Aksqahatanak hqiinuta uu n hquut.
ak-sqax-at-a=nak
IMPImperative (mood)
command-2Second person (person)
addressee (you)-bring-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.AGUnknown code=in q-qiinuta
DEFDefinite
"the"=table uu
DISTDistal (proximity)
far from speaker (and addressee) n
LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc k-quut
DEFDefinite
"the"-house
You guys bring that table to the house.
There is also a prefix taa- used as an hortative. This prefix taa- is only first person, so the agent is also marked here.
Tanqunihki s knustaiquta qnau snisnquuqnati nautnu.
taa-nqun-ihk-i
HORTHortative (mood)
'let's...'-go-ANDAndative (direction)
going 'away'-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few s
to k-nustaiquta
DEFDefinite
"the"-lobby q=nau
CCommon gender (gender/class)
common gender=REFLReflexive (valency)
argument acts on itself s-nis-n-quuq-n-at-i
CMPComplementiser (syntactic)
[clause] that [clause] 1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I-APLUnknown code.IRRIrrealis
mood-MOVUnknown code-take-MOVUnknown code-VENVenitive (direction)
coming 'towards'-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few=REFReferential (case)
about, regarding, on the topic of`L
nautnu
treat
Let's all go to the lobby to get ourselves a treat.
When this prefix is used with irrealis/interrogative i- it has a permisive meaning. In this case the verb returns to a ergative alignment, so the person marked is the patient. The first person is not marked, though.
Taniqunihki s knustaiquta q s/nusniquuqatinau nartntu?
taa-n(i)qun-ihk-i
HORTHortative (mood)
'let's...'-(INTERRInterrogative mood (mood)
asks questions)go-ANDAndative (direction)
going 'away'-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few s
to k-nustaiquta
DEFDefinite
"the"-lobby q=nau
CMPComplementiser (syntactic)
[clause] that [clause]=REFLReflexive (valency)
argument acts on itself (s)-nus-n(i)quuq-at-i
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I/3-APLUnknown code-(IRRIrrealis
mood)take-VENVenitive (direction)
coming 'towards'-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few nartntu?
treat
Can we/they go to the lobby to get our/themselves a treat?
The verb ruu is used as a mild imperative. The main verb retains all the inflection and has an irrealis prefix. The marked person is the patient.
Ruuhkut aihu n unyystat.
ruu=k=hut
give=2Second person (person)
addressee (you).NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument=butt aih-i
sit.IRRIrrealis
mood-DISTRDistributive (case)
'each', 'per' n
LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc unyystat
seat
Please sit on your seats.
The negative imperative ai- is considered rude in Rasaata. The form with ruu and a negative main verb is used instead. This prefix is more common in Haustrqiiq.
Aikrqurnak n ruu nat aihksaka hqai.
ai-k-rqur=nak
IMPImperative (mood)
command.NEGNegative (polarity)
not-2Second person (person)
addressee (you)-cross=in n
LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc ruu
street nat
until a-ihk-saak-a
IRRIrrealis
mood-become-red k-qai
DEFDefinite
"the"-light
Don't cross the street until the light is red.
Ruunak kriqurihkak n ruu nat aihksaka hqai.
ruu=nak
give=in k-r(i)qur-ihk-ak
2Second person (person)
addressee (you)-(IRRIrrealis
mood)cross-ANDAndative (direction)
going 'away'-NEGNegative (polarity)
not n
LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc ruu
street nak
until a-ihk-saak-a
IRRIrrealis
mood-become-red-PREDPredicative
expressions typically following a copula k-qai
DEFDefinite
"the"-light
Don't cross the street until the light is red.
Negation is marked by series of suffixes.
| Class | Suffix |
|---|---|
| S, P | -una |
| A, T | -ak |
The suffix -una comes before the perfective, the suffix -ak comes after.
Most derivative and inflectional prefixes come in pairs, with a negative form available. This, from their former verbal status.
Some verbs take both suffixes with a change in meaning. -una is used for permanent qualities and changes the verb to class S, and -ak is used for unique events and doesn't change verb class. In this way, the negative suffix replaces the derivative prefix that shifts verbs to another class:
sanak: don't/can't see
sanuna: to be blind
qatak: don't/can't hear
qatuna: be deaf
nqunak tu: don't/can't walk
nqununa tu: paraplegic
nxainak: unclean
nxainuna: evil
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