Verbal Prefixes (Spacial Prefixes and Derivational Prefixes)
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6. Kwang Radical List
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9. Qgam Auxiliaries
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10. Qgam Basic Syntax
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12. qgam characters to add
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13. Qgam Conjunctions
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16. Qgam Pronouns
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18. Relative Clauses
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19. Sound Changes & Vocab
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This article covers spacial and derivational verbal prefixes.
In order to discuss spacial verbal prefixes, it is necessary to explain briefly the way in which Qgam verbs and particles indicate spacial relationships. Observing the way in which Qgam verbs encode manner of movement, that is, the type of movement such as walking, running, crawling, etc., and the path of movement, that is, into, along, through, under, etc., the language may be described as a primarily satellite-framed language, meaning that while manner is encoded in the verb root itself, path is indicated by means of extraverbal particles and prefixes.
However, verbs also exhibit characteristics of verb framing, namely through the use of the aforementioned verbal prefixes, which mark path of movement. An outline is provided below:
Postpositional and Nominal Particles
Particles added to nouns may be divided into two types: adpositional particles and nominal particles. The difference is manifested by the positioning of the predicative direct article ar, which appears after the noun and before the postpositional particles, but after nominal particles.
Postpositional particles:
往 di | to; toward; at | 在 yim | in; at | 至(往) tadi | as far as; upto | 從 gwo | from; out of |
Nominal particles:
前 tata | in front of | 後 gwaa | behind | 内 laaw | inside | 上 eam | on top of |
Examples:
PP: | 宅㇉往 tsa 'r di | to the house | 宅㇉從 tsa 'r gwo | from the house |
NP: | 宅前㇉ tsa tata 'r | (in) front of the house | 宅上㇉ tsa eam ar | (on) top of the house |
It can be seen from this list that nominal particles invariably mark static locations, while, with the exception of yim, postpositional particles indicate basic movement.
Movement prefixes
More complex paths are marked through the use of verbal prefixes, which appear to the left of derivational prefixes, but to the right of aspectual prefixes.
The following examples show the verb 徂 aĝ "go", and the verb 敀 mwaĝ "be drawn to" derived with the derivational prefix mo- (which generally derives involuntary or semi-involuntary acts). These two verbs are used here with both movement prefixes and aspectual prefixes:
徂 | aĝ | go | 込徂 | stqaĝ | go into | 敀 | mwaĝ | be drawn to | 沿敀 | jitmuaĝ | be drawn along |
畢徂 | skaĝ | have gone | 畢込徂 | sakstqaĝ | have gone into | 屢敀 | bismuaĝ | being drawn to | 屢沿敀 | bisjitmuaĝ | being drawn along |
Following are some examples of spacial prefixes. Certain combinations may have semantically specific meanings.
込 st(q)- typically indicates movement into a location. For verbs that do not indicate movement, it can indicate that the action is exhaustive, extensive, or complete. The /ʔ/ is elided on verbs with consonant onsets.
徂 | aĝ | go | 込徂 | stqaĝ | go in | |
置 | sea | put | 込置 | stsea | put in | |
測 | me | measure | 込測 | stme | assess |
越 hm- shows movement past or beyond. For non-movement verbs, it can indicate temporal position related to the future. This is related to han-, a perfective marker seen below.
飛 | hwo | fly | 越飛 | hmhwo | fly by; fly past | |
企 | ye | plan; calculate | 越企 | hmye | plan ahead | |
跑 | baaĝ | run | 越跑 | hmbaaĝ | overtake; overwhelm |
沿 jit-: moving along
靠 ors- (ars)-: near; close to
遙 was-: far from
留 ļaa-: stationary; in one location
還 šĝ-: returning to
Qgam employs numerous derivational prefixes to create new verbs. Some prefixes are highly productive and may be used with any verb, while others are semi-productive or non-productive, existing primarily or only in predetermined compounds.
A note on pronunciation:
Many of the prefixes violate permissible syllable structure, in that several end with consonants not permissible in the coda as per Qgamic phonotactic rules. When these suffixes are used, the final consonant of the prefix is treated as part of the initial consonant cluster of the following syllable. Thus, a word such as paltka (pal- + tka) is pronounced as pa.ltka [pʌ l̩tkʌ], that is, a simple CV syllable followed by a syllable with a complex initial cluster which begins with a semi-syllabic /l/.
pal- (悥): verbs of purpose or intent:
徂 | aĝ | go | 創 | palaĝ, plaĝ | embark; undertake |
歩 | tka | walk | 進 | paltka | advance; proceed |
叩 | dam | strike; hit | 襲 | paldam | assail; assault; raid |
yis- (吅): collective agentive verbs. This suffix may derive verbs that require plural subjects as well as verbs that generally but not always require plural subjects:
到 | arsja | arrive | 匯 | yisarsja | converge; assemble | (see ors- above) |
憤 | reki | anger (vt) | 吵 | yisreki | argue; quarrel | (see re- below) |
集 | nwo | collect (vt) | 穫 | yisnuo | harvest; reap |
ĝ- (互): semantically reciprocal action. There is some overlap with yis- above, as they both take plural subjects; however, this prefix is more specialized, as it only represents actions that are performed reciprocally. it also differs from the productive reciprocal prefix __ (see below).
去 | arna | leave | 別 | ĝarna | part ways; split up | |
許 | daam | allow | 咊 | ĝdaam | reconcile | |
運 | jaĝ | move | 互運 | ĝjaĝ | agree |
han-; hm- (殫): semantically perfect or completed verbs. Semantically related to the spacial prefix hm- above.
燃 | ber | burn; ignite | 焦 | hmber | burn; char; incinerate | |
見 | çam | look; watch | 殫見 | hançam | recognize; know | |
終 | wea | finish; end | 完 | hnwea | complete; be done with |
biĝ- (沒): negates the actions of verbs, much like English un-. This affix derives from the Middle Kwang negative word bjang:
結 | ĝwom | tie | 沒結 | biĝwom | untie | |
勸 | mdro | encourage | 沒勸 | biĝmdro | discourage | |
即 | luom | approach | 沒即 | biĝluom | withdraw |
mo- (乍): indicates that the act of the verb is performed semi- or entirely involuntarily:
聴 | rna | listen | 乍聴 | morna | hear | |
徂 | aĝ | go | 敀 | mwaĝ | be drawn (to) | |
致浮 | rejaar | cast; launch | 乍致浮 | morejaar | lose; drop | (see re- below) |
baš-: denotes actions that are performed repeatedly and/or continuously.
話 | ro | speak | 喋 | bašro | chat; converse |
l-: nominalizes verbs, sometimes with significant semantic differences.
持 | dzaa | hold | 砦 | ldzaa | fortress |
re(d)-: causative affix.
長 | kwaam | long | 致長 | rekwaam | prolong | |
怒 | ki | angry | 致怒 | reki | anger; make angry |
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