[Telim] Particles — Core particles and other important particles: e, a, de, i, u (not finished)
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Learn how to use Telim's particles!
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 2 Oct 2014, 15:55.
[comments] tlm
[top]Particles
Telim uses a large amount of particles to indicated de syntactic function of words. In many cases, they work as prepositions, like os, which is equivalent to "in, at" (os donneršem "at the circus"). Others work as conjunctions, like u, which will be explained later on.
The tricky thing about particles is their placing, as they work like neither pre or postpositions, but rather like inpositions. The main rule is that the head of a syntagma must always be preceded by a particle, regardless of the other words. Since adjectives are always placed before nouns, particles go after them and are attached as enclitics. Other complements of the head are placed after it, always preceded by their respective particle. Here are a few examples. Particles are marked in bold:
- e ganar
TOPTopic (syntactic)
the topic (key reference point) of a sentence.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity man
the man - rute ganar
that=TOPTopic (syntactic)
the topic (key reference point) of a sentence.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity man
that man - rute ganar os mayat
that=TOPTopic (syntactic)
the topic (key reference point) of a sentence.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity man LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc mirror
that man in the mirror - rute ganar salgeros mayat
that=TOPTopic (syntactic)
the topic (key reference point) of a sentence.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity man silver=LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc mirror
that man in the silver mirror
[top]Core particles
Core particles are namely the particles that mark the topic, the agent and the patient of a sentence. Their two main characteristics are that they can only appear once in a sentence and that they are the only particles with two forms, one for the singular and another one for the plural. Plural cannot be marked otherwise.
Topic — e, ne+
Topic is marked with the particle e, whose plural form is ne+. Syntactically, e can introduce a syntagma with any syntactic function, being the most common that of subject. As there is no passive voice in Telim, using e to mark the object may be translated as so. The usage in a sentence of a syntagm with the topic particle is compulsory whenever there are more than verbs in the sentence. Here follow some examples of the usage of e:
- kolpa eta de mes
take-AORAorist (tense/aspect)
usually the simple past TOP.SGUnknown code=1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I OBJObject (argument).SGSingular (number)
one countable entity apple
I took an apple - kolpa e mes ata
take-AORAorist (tense/aspect)
usually the simple past TOP.SGUnknown code apple SUBSubject (argument).SGSingular (number)
one countable entity=1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I
An apple was taken by me - kolpa ne mes ata
take-AORAorist (tense/aspect)
usually the simple past TOP.PLUnknown code apple OBJObject (argument).SGSingular (number)
one countable entity=1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I
Some apples were taken by me
Subject — a, ma+
The particle a marks either the subject of a sentence or the attribute of a copulative sentence. In Telim, the grammatical subject is always the agent (though the agent might not be the subject, as it can also be the topic). Here are a couple of examples of the usage a:
- Nan eta a dor
be.NFUTNon-future (tense)
past and present TOPTopic (syntactic)
the topic (key reference point) of a sentence.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity=1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I SUBSubject (argument).SGSingular (number)
one countable entity person
I am human (lit. I am a person) - Nan neša ma yor
be.NFUTNon-future (tense)
past and present TOPTopic (syntactic)
the topic (key reference point) of a sentence.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few=1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I SUBSubject (argument).PLPlural (number)
more than one/few person
We are human (lit. We are people) - Yenga e donneršem aru
go-FUTFuture (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech TOPTopic (syntactic)
the topic (key reference point) of a sentence.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity circus SUBSubject (argument).SGSingular (number)
one countable entity=3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee
He will go to the circus
Object — de, la+
The particle de is used in order to mark de object of a sentence, which is always the patient (though, again, the patient doesn't have to necessarily be the object). If the patient is already marked with the e particle in the sentece, then the de particle can take the role of an indirect object. Here are some examples:
- Pošelda eta de mes
eat-AORAorist (tense/aspect)
usually the simple past TOPTopic (syntactic)
the topic (key reference point) of a sentence.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity=1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I OBJObject (argument).SGSingular (number)
one countable entity apple
I ate an apple - Pošelda eta la mes
eat-AORAorist (tense/aspect)
usually the simple past TOPTopic (syntactic)
the topic (key reference point) of a sentence.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity=1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I OBJObject (argument).PLPlural (number)
more than one/few apple
I ate some apples - Wutet e Maria de sebai
give-NFUTNon-future (tense)
past and present TOPTopic (syntactic)
the topic (key reference point) of a sentence.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity MariaOBJObject (argument).SGSingular (number)
one countable entity pencil
I give the pencil to Maria - Wutet e sebai de Maria
give-NFUTNon-future (tense)
past and present TOPTopic (syntactic)
the topic (key reference point) of a sentence.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity pencil OBJObject (argument).SGSingular (number)
one countable entity Maria
I giveMaria the pencil
+ A superscript + indicates that the consonant before or after it becomes lenited.
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