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Hadraic Nominal Morphology
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simplified article about how Hadraic's nouns work (mostly)
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 9 Sep 2019, 18:07.

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Menu 1. 3.3 Noun 2. 3.3.2 Singular, nominative / oblique 3. 3.3.3 Dual, nominative / oblique 4. 3.3.4 External plural, nominative / oblique 5. 3.3.5 Broken plural, nominative / oblique 6. 3.3.6 Singulative 7. 3.3.7 Definite article 8. 3.3.8 Construct case

[edit] [top]3.3 Noun


3.3.1 Basic characteristics
* Three numbers, singular, dual, and plural
* Two cases, nominative and oblique
* Definite article
* Changing stem


Affix template: (Def/Prep)-Noun(.Num)-(Sgv)-(Cns)-(Case/Num)
Ex. اكوفيتن ā-kūfayətuna "[somebody's] pieces of rock (obl.)"

[edit] [top]3.3.2 Singular, nominative / oblique

Nominative not marked. Oblique marked with -ә.

(1) اناقد يحتزيني
Ā-nāqid yәḥtaziynī.
[a:na:qid jәħtazijni:]
DEFDefinite
"the"
-shepherd.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
3SMThird person singular masculine (person)
he
-saw.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action
-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I

"The shepherd saw me."

(2) اناقد أحتزي
Ā-nāqidә ʾaḥtaziyu.
[a:na:qidә ʔaħtaziju]
DEFDefinite
"the"
-shepherd-OBLOblique (argument)
indirect or demoted object
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
-saw.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action
-3SMThird person singular masculine (person)
he

"I saw the shepherd."

[edit] [top]3.3.3 Dual, nominative / oblique

Nominative dual is marked with -ā. Oblique is marked with -āy.

(3) اشمنا يسقّلهن
Ā-šamnā yisaqquluhәn.
[a:ʃan:a jisaq:ulu.әn]
DEFDefinite
"the"
-fat-DUDual (number)
two
3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them
-weigh.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'
-CIRCCircumfix
part of a circumfix
-3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them
-SUGGSuggestive mood (mood)
suggestion, 'should', 'ought'

"The two (casks of) fat should weigh them."

(4) اشمناي يسقّلهن
Ā-šamnāy yisaqquluhәn
[a:ʃan:a:j jisaq:ulu.әn]
DEFDefinite
"the"
-fat-DUDual (number)
two
.OBLOblique (argument)
indirect or demoted object
3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them
-weigh.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'
-CIRCCircumfix
part of a circumfix
-3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them
-SUGGSuggestive mood (mood)
suggestion, 'should', 'ought'

"They should weigh the two (casks of) fat."

[edit] [top]3.3.4 External plural, nominative / oblique

Only used for monosyllabic roots without long vowels. Nominative form: CV̄C. Oblique external plural marked with -ī.

(5) اصص طاڤ يشيّخ بحقر
Ā-ṣiṣ ṭāv yәšayyiḫ bi-ḥәqar.
[a:sˤisˤ tˤa:v jәʃaj:ix biħәqar]
DEFDefinite
"the"
-flower beautiful 3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee
-grow.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'
in-field
"The beautiful flower is growing in the field."

(6) اصيص طڤّا يشيّخ بحقّرو
Ā-ṣīṣ ṭavvā yišayyiḫu bi-ḥәqqarū.
[a:sˤi:sˤ tˤav:a: jiʃaj:ixu biħәq:aru:]
DEFDefinite
"the"
-flower.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few
beautiful.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few
3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them
-grow.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'
-CIRCCircumfix
part of a circumfix
in-field.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few

"Beautiful flowers are growing in the fields."

(7) اصصي طاڤاي أنيشتيخ بحقّرو
Ā-ṣiṣī ṭāvāyә ʾanyištayiḫu bi-ḥәqqarū.
[a:sˤisˤi: tˤa:va:jә ʔanjiʃtajixu biħәq:aru]
DEFDefinite
"the"
-flower-OBLOblique (argument)
indirect or demoted object
.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few
beautiful.OBLOblique (argument)
indirect or demoted object
.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few
PASSPassive voice (valency)
be verb-ed
-3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them
-grow.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action
-CIRCCircumfix
part of a circumfix
in-field.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few

"Beautiful flowers have been grown in the fields."

[edit] [top]3.3.5 Broken plural, nominative / oblique

Anything that cannot be declined using the external plural uses the broken plural. Nominative form: CVC̄a(C)-ū/ā. Oblique form: CVCāyә(C). (Notes: a + ā > ā, a + ū > āw).

(8) تام اصنّوع قرز يصتحق
Tām ā-ṣәnnūʿa qәrzu yәṣtaḥiqu.
[ta:m a:sˤәn:u:ʕa qәrzu jәsˤtaħiqu]
Tom DEFDefinite
"the"
-trick-CNSConstruct state
noun being possessed
.OBLOblique (argument)
indirect or demoted object
monkey 3SMThird person singular masculine (person)
he
-laugh.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action
-3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee

"Tom laughed at the monkey's trick."

(9) تام اصنايع قرز يصتحقن
Tām ā-ṣәnāyәʿa qәrzu yәṣtaḥiqәn.
[ta:m a:sˤәna:jәʕa qәrzu jәsˤtaħiqәn]
Tom DEFDefinite
"the"
-trick.OBLOblique (argument)
indirect or demoted object
.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few
-CNSConstruct state
noun being possessed
monkey 3SMThird person singular masculine (person)
he
-laugh.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action
-3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them

"Tom laughed at the monkey's tricks."

(10) اصنّعو قرز يصحو
Ā-ṣәnnaʿwa qәrzu yiṣaḥiwu.
[a:sˤәn:aʕwa qәrzu jisˤaħiwu]
DEFDefinite
"the"
-trick.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few
-CNSConstruct state
noun being possessed
monkey 3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them
-funny.STATStative (case)
attribute assignment
-CIRCCircumfix
part of a circumfix

"The monkey's tricks are funny."

[edit] [top]3.3.6 Singulative

Indicates a "piece" of something. Mass nouns that take this suffix become singular. Marked with -iy if noun ends in a consonant and -tun if in a vowel.

(11) اكوف أتخل
Ā-kūfә ʾa-ʾtaḫilu.
[a:ku:fә ʔaʔtaxilu]
DEFDefinite
"the"
-rock-OBLOblique (argument)
indirect or demoted object
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
-bite.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action
-3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee

"I bit the rock."

(12) كوڤي أتخل
Kūfiyә ʾa-ʾtaḫilu.
[ku:fijә ʔaʔtaxilu]
rock-SGVSingulative (number)
'one piece of the whole'
-OBLOblique (argument)
indirect or demoted object
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
-bite.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action
-3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee

"I bit a piece of rock."

[edit] [top]3.3.7 Definite article

The definite article is marked with ā-.

(13) زراع تعصزه
Zirāʿә tәʿaṣuzuhu.
[zira:ʕә tәʕasˤuzu.u]
leg-OBL 2F-cut.PFV-CIRC-3S
"You (f) cut off a leg."

(14) ازراع أنيعتزه
Ā-zirāʿә ʾanyәʿtazuh.
[a:zira:ʕә ʔanjәʕtazu]
DEF-leg-OBL PASS-3S-cut.PFV
"The leg was cut off."

[edit] [top]3.3.8 Construct case

The first noun in a construct state takes this suffix. N1-CNS N2 means "N2's N1". The construct case in Hadraic is -a.

(15) اشمي جكو ييس
Ā-šimyə Jakwə yəyasu.
[a:ʃimjә d͡ʒakwә jәjasu]
DEF-bird-1P.GEN Jacko-OBL 3S-COP-3S
"My name is Jacko."

(16) اشم زڤنا جكو ييس
Ā-šima zuvnā Jakwə yəyasu.
[a:ʃima zuvna: d͡ʒakwә jәjasu]
DEF-name-CNS bird-1P.GEN Jacko-OBL 3S-COP-3S
"Our bird's name is Jacko."
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