Adjectives in Uyendur
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This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 21 Oct 2017, 13:26.
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6. Uyendur Lexicon
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7. Uyendur Nouns
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11. Uyendur Verb Stems
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Orthographically, no space is added between adjectives and their head nouns, e.g. isugumipim itugum ipim "a distant town".
Standard adjectives, just as nouns and verbs, are divided into five classes based on the specific phonetics of the root.
Masculine adjectives have no particular ending, while feminine adjectives are marked useing the ending -m typical also of feminine nouns and verbs.
Example:
Masculine | Feminine | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Class I | "enjoyable" | itakbuet | itagbwet | itakbuetum | itagbwetum |
Class II | "neat" | Gara | ġara | Garam | ġaram |
Class III | "thick" | hutu | ngutu | hutum | ngutum |
Class IV | "beautiful" | manwki | manĕki | manwkim | manĕkim |
Class V | "paternal" | Dundaia | ḍundaya | Dundaiam | ḍundayam |
Number is marked by means of vowel alteration, in like fashion to verbs and nouns. Typically, the plural vowel is o, but this varies somewhat based on the class of adjectives.
Singular | Plural | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Masculine | Feminine | Masculine | Feminine | ||||||
Class I | "enjoyable" | itakbuet | itagbwet | itakbuetum | itagbwetum | itakbueto | itagbweto | itakbuetom | itagbwetom |
Class II | "neat" | Gara | ġara | Garam | ġaram | Garo | ġaro | Garom | ġarom |
Class III | "thick" | hutu | ngutu | hutum | ngutum | hutox | ngutŏ | hutoxm | ngutŏm |
Class IV | "beautiful" | manwki | manĕki | manwkim | manĕkim | manwkio | manĕkyo | manwkiom | manĕkyom |
Class V | "paternal" | Dundaia | ḍundaya | Dundaiam | ḍundayam | Dundaiako | ḍundayako | Dundaiakom | ḍundayakom |
Uyendur is an outlier in the Wibbayuric-Ngoraic languages in that adjectives inflect for the animacy of their head nouns, a feature that first appeared in some variations of Proto-Wibbayuric, but was dropped entirely in Xakulese, while in Tuchuqfa, the animacy suffix was reaanalyzed as a derivational morpheme. In Uyendur it remains as an animacy agreement suffix.
The suffix -lu is used to mark animacy. It inflects regularly and is simply appended to all adjective classes without change, except for class I, which may undergo consonant assimilation as outlined by the chart which may be found here.
Masculine | Feminine | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | lu | -lu | lum | -lum |
Plural | lo | -lo | lom | -lom |
The following table illustrates the inanimate and animate forms of the masculine singular:
Inanimate | Animate | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Class I | "enjoyable" | itakbuet | itagbwet | itakbuetlu | itagbwellu |
Class II | "neat" | Gara | ġara | Garalu | ġaralu |
Class III | "thick" | hutu | ngutu | hutulu | ngutulu |
Class IV | "beautiful" | manwki | manĕki | manwkilu | manĕkilu |
Class V | "paternal" | Dundaia | ḍundaya | Dundaialu | ḍundayalu |
Participle adjectives, as their name suggest, derive from non-finite verb forms. These are linked to the noun with the particle ii ĭ. Consequently, participle adjectives do not agree with their head nouns in any way.
They may be formed from by conjugating any verb into its active or passive participle forms, which is a variant of the infinitive:
1st person | active infinitive | passive infinitive | active participle adjective | passive participle adjective |
---|---|---|---|---|
gaxe "I am breaking (something)" | gaxaxu "to break" | gaxatu "to be broken" | ĭ gaxaxum "who/which breaks (something)" | ĭ gaxatum "(who/which is) broken" |
tăi "I am doing (it)" | tăxu "to do" | tătu "to be done" | ĭ tăxum "who/which does (it)" | ĭ tătum "(which is) done |
mĕrimmĭ "I am cleaning (this place) up" | mĕrimmixu "to clean (a place) up" | mĕrimmitu "to be cleaned up" | ĭ mĕrimmixum "who/which cleans (a place) up" | ĭ mĕrigmitum "(which is) cleaned up |
Adjectives of both types immediately follow the noun they modify:
BamixtgaDi
ḅamĭt gaḍi
root-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.MASCMasculine (gender)
masculine or male.DEFDefinite
"the" red.(MASCMasculine (gender)
masculine or male)
"the red root"
tohomsusaklom
tongom tutallom
bird-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.FEMFeminine (gender)
feminine or female big-FEMFeminine (gender)
feminine or female-ANIMUnknown code.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few
"big birds"
ukumuniiga-xatum
ukumun ĭ gaxatum
wall-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.MASCMasculine (gender)
masculine or male.LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc ATTRUnknown code break-PASSPassive voice (valency)
be verb-ed.PRTPreterite (tense)
denotes a past action, often perfective
"(by) a broken wall" (LOC)
When adjectives of more than one type modify a single noun simultaneously, standard adjectives come before participle adjectives:
suiasumhugimiia-ximitummuskrux
tuyatum ngugim ĭ aximitum mut kruw
book-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.FEMFeminine (gender)
feminine or female.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument old-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.FEMFeminine (gender)
feminine or female ATTRUnknown code burn-PASSPassive voice (valency)
be verb-ed NEGNegative (polarity)
not still
"an old book which has not yet been burned" Adjectives in Uyendur belong to one of two broad types: standard adjectives and participle adjectives. Standard adjectives agree with their head nouns in gender, number and animacy, while participle adjectives, deriving from verbal infinitives, do not agree with their head nouns in any way.✎ Edit Article ✖ Delete Article
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