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Gramuary 2020
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grammuary grammar
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 9 Dec 2022, 17:30.

[comments] drzgrammuary2020aspectnegationderivation
[Public] ? ?
1. Basic Grammar ? ?
2. CoWriMo 2020 ? ?
3. CoWriMo 2020-2 ? ?
4. Gramuary 2020 ? ?
5. Lexember 2019 ? ?
6. Negation in đa'uz ? ?
7. Numbers in đa–uz ? ?
8. numerals and mathematics in đa-uz ? ?
9. Phonology and Writing System ? ?
10. Sentence Construction and Word Order ? ?
+ Write new article in đa–uz
?FYI...
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
Menu 1. TOPIC 1: NEGATION 2. TOPIC 2: DERIVATIONAL STRATEGIES 3. TOPIC 3: ASPECT/AKTIONSART

[edit] [top]TOPIC 1: NEGATION

I knew almost nothing when I started this adventure. I know even less now. Ha.

 đa–uz has a word, ki, that means several things. It's the interjection "no," and it is also a negator affix (suffix) for verbs. It's also a root for words like kit, "zero" (and "none"), or kitki, "few," and so on. Some words (mostly the first ones I came up with) also fuse it with another, larger word. For example, haꞩ means "big," kihaꞩ means "small," and kinita means "huge" but its etymology makes it "not tiny" because I'm a smartass.

When ki is suffixed with an en-dash to a verb (most often, though it could also be used for adverbs), it's the equivalent of not–verb. (This essentially treats it like an adverb, the rule being that adverbs also get suffixed to what they modify with "–".)
"I am not a cat." = đi keꞩiđa numa–ki [i.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I cat am.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I,PRESPresent tense (tense)
current –not.NEGNegative (polarity)
not]. This is simple, Jespersen 1, and (I know) very dull.

Sentences do get more complicated, though. The scope of the negator is narrow, negating only the word it comes directly after. đa-uz handles particular sentences differently, and there is more than one way to do it, but when it comes up, where the affix goes makes quite a bit of difference.

An example is a sentence I translated not too long ago, "My husband doesn't eat children." I chose to translate it using the negated form of "is willing to do X," one of about seven (?) verbs specifically meant to take participles:
rabωđami kihaꞩđasi irωnω–ki–masota.
husband(mine).3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.KINKinship ties (respect/formality)
between family members children.3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them willing.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current –not.NEGNegative (polarity)
not -eat.PTCPParticiple
adjectival form of a verb.ADVAdverbial
e.g. English '-ly'
Since the affix goes directly behind irωnω and before the participle masota, it attaches to "willing" and becomes "unwilling," i.e. "My spouse is unwilling to eat children."

However, this is different:
rabωđami kihaꞩđasi irωnω–masota–ki.
husband(mine).3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.KINKinship ties (respect/formality)
between family members children.3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them is willing.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current –eat.PTCPParticiple
adjectival form of a verb.ADVAdverbial
e.g. English '-ly' –not.NEGNegative (polarity)
not
This effectively means "My husband is willing to stop eating children."

To go further with it:
rabωđami kihaꞩđasi irωnω–ki–masota–ki.
husband(mine).3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.KINKinship ties (respect/formality)
between family members children.3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them is willing.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current –not.NEGNegative (polarity)
not -eat.PTCPParticiple
adjectival form of a verb.ADVAdverbial
e.g. English '-ly' –not.NEGNegative (polarity)
not
Now the sentence says, "My husband is unwilling to stop eating children."

I think I can improve on all this, but I'm still pondering it...


TRANSLATIONS:

 đa–uz
Negation uses the affix ki and has a narrow scope, only modifying the constituent (only the single word or phrase) that it comes directly after. ki basically functions as a negation adverb, though it has broader meaning in other contexts.
Here we go!

  1. I see him.
    đia enada. ("đia" used to be "đi'a" and is a short form of "đi" (i-subject) + "đa" (him-object)." Similar short forms exist for other combinations.)
    i.1SFirst person singular (person)
    speaker, signer, etc.; I     him.3SThird person singular (person)
    neither speaker nor addressee     see.1SFirst person singular (person)
    speaker, signer, etc.; I    .PRESPresent tense (tense)
    current
    I don't see him.
    đia enada–ki.
    i.1SFirst person singular (person)
    speaker, signer, etc.; I     him.3SThird person singular (person)
    neither speaker nor addressee     see.1SFirst person singular (person)
    speaker, signer, etc.; I    .PRESPresent tense (tense)
    current     –not.NEGNegative (polarity)
    not

  2. I saw him yesterday. (I chose to interpret "saw" as "visited with.")
    đia efiŧama–amadaķda.
    i.1SFirst person singular (person)
    speaker, signer, etc.; I     him.3SThird person singular (person)
    neither speaker nor addressee     visited.1SFirst person singular (person)
    speaker, signer, etc.; I    .PASTPast tense (tense)
    action occurred before moment of speech     –yesterday.ADVAdverbial
    e.g. English '-ly'
    I did not see him yesterday.
    đia efiŧama–ki–amadaķda.
    i.1SFirst person singular (person)
    speaker, signer, etc.; I     him.3SThird person singular (person)
    neither speaker nor addressee     visited.1SFirst person singular (person)
    speaker, signer, etc.; I    .PASTPast tense (tense)
    action occurred before moment of speech     –not.NEGNegative (polarity)
    not     yesterday.ADVAdverbial
    e.g. English '-ly'
    I did not see him yesterday (but I could have another time - negation changed from "see" to "yesterday").
    đia efiŧama–amidaķda–ki.
    i.1SFirst person singular (person)
    speaker, signer, etc.; I     him.3SThird person singular (person)
    neither speaker nor addressee     visited.1SFirst person singular (person)
    speaker, signer, etc.; I    .PASTPast tense (tense)
    action occurred before moment of speech     –yesterday.ADVAdverbial
    e.g. English '-ly'     –not.NEGNegative (polarity)
    not

  3. I will see him tomorrow.
    đia efiŧaka–edaţda.
    i.1SFirst person singular (person)
    speaker, signer, etc.; I     him.3SThird person singular (person)
    neither speaker nor addressee     visit.1SFirst person singular (person)
    speaker, signer, etc.; I    .FUTFuture (tense)
    action occurring after the moment of speech     –tomorrow.ADVAdverbial
    e.g. English '-ly'
    I will not see him tomorrow.
    đia efiŧaka–ki–edaţda.
    i.1SFirst person singular (person)
    speaker, signer, etc.; I     him.3SThird person singular (person)
    neither speaker nor addressee     visit.1SFirst person singular (person)
    speaker, signer, etc.; I    .FUTFuture (tense)
    action occurring after the moment of speech     –not.NEGNegative (polarity)
    not     –tomorrow.ADVAdverbial
    e.g. English '-ly'
    I will not see him tomorrow (but I could/did another time).
    đia efiŧaka–edaţda–ki.
    i.1SFirst person singular (person)
    speaker, signer, etc.; I     him.3SThird person singular (person)
    neither speaker nor addressee     visit.1SFirst person singular (person)
    speaker, signer, etc.; I    .FUTFuture (tense)
    action occurring after the moment of speech     –tomorrow.ADVAdverbial
    e.g. English '-ly'     –not.NEGNegative (polarity)
    not

  4. Fish swim.
    ŧekiđasat iđωvωs.
    fish.ANAnimate (gender/class)
    alive, moving    .NSNTNon-sentient (class)
    non-sentient animals    .PLPlural (number)
    more than one/few     swim.GNOGnomic (aspect/mood)
    common, timeless truths
    Fish do not swim.
    ŧekiđasat iđωvωs–ki.
    fish.ANAnimate (gender/class)
    alive, moving    .NSNTNon-sentient (class)
    non-sentient animals    .PLPlural (number)
    more than one/few     swim.GNOGnomic (aspect/mood)
    common, timeless truths     –not.NEGNegative (polarity)
    not

  5. We are laughing.
    ţi ꞩiꞩamas.
    we.1PFirst person plural (person)
    we (inclusive or exclusive)     laugh.1PFirst person plural (person)
    we (inclusive or exclusive)    .PRESPresent tense (tense)
    current
    We are not laughing.
    ţi ꞩiꞩamas–ki.
    we.1PFirst person plural (person)
    we (inclusive or exclusive)     laugh.1PFirst person plural (person)
    we (inclusive or exclusive)    .PRESPresent tense (tense)
    current    –not.NEGNegative (polarity)
    not

  6. All of them are here.
    ţaŧ duv numωs–nihe.
    them.3PThird person plural (person)
    neither speaker nor addressee, they/them     all.ADJAdjectival
    syntactic     are.3PThird person plural (person)
    neither speaker nor addressee, they/them    .PRESPresent tense (tense)
    current     –here.ADVAdverbial
    e.g. English '-ly'
    All of them are not here. (None of them are here.)
    ţaŧ kit numωs–nihe.
    them.3PThird person plural (person)
    neither speaker nor addressee, they/them     none.ADUnknown code are.3PThird person plural (person)
    neither speaker nor addressee, they/them    .PRESPresent tense (tense)
    current     –here.ADVAdverbial
    e.g. English '-ly'
    Not all of them are here. (Some of them are here, but some of them are not.)
    ţaŧ duv–ki numωs–nihe.
    them.3PThird person plural (person)
    neither speaker nor addressee, they/them     all.ADJAdjectival
    syntactic     –not.NEGNegative (polarity)
    not     are.3PThird person plural (person)
    neither speaker nor addressee, they/them    .PRESPresent tense (tense)
    current     –here.ADVAdverbial
    e.g. English '-ly'

  7. The boy hit the dog.
    rabaŧa iꞩuđa dakytꞩamω.
    boy.3SThird person singular (person)
    neither speaker nor addressee     dog.ANAnimate (gender/class)
    alive, moving    .SENTSentient (class)
    e.g. humans     hit.3SThird person singular (person)
    neither speaker nor addressee    .PASTPast tense (tense)
    action occurred before moment of speech
    The boy did not hit the dog.
    rabaŧa iꞩuđa dakytꞩamω–ki.
    boy.3SThird person singular (person)
    neither speaker nor addressee     dog.ANAnimate (gender/class)
    alive, moving    .SENTSentient (class)
    e.g. humans     hit.3SThird person singular (person)
    neither speaker nor addressee    .PASTPast tense (tense)
    action occurred before moment of speech     –not.NEGNegative (polarity)
    not
    The boy did not hit the dog. (Implying he might have hit something/someone else.)
    Since "dog" is a noun, ki can't directly modify it. Instead, the implication would be more fully stated:
    rabaŧa iꞩuđa dakytꞩamω–ki, dum đe dak ţωri ţoŕωꞩe–madakytꞩa.
    boy.3SThird person singular (person)
    neither speaker nor addressee     dog.ANAnimate (gender/class)
    alive, moving    .SENTSentient (class)
    e.g. humans     hit.3SThird person singular (person)
    neither speaker nor addressee    .PASTPast tense (tense)
    action occurred before moment of speech     –not.NEGNegative (polarity)
    not     but he.3SThird person singular (person)
    neither speaker nor addressee     thing.INInanimate (gender/class)
    for non-living things    .NSNTNon-sentient (class)
    non-sentient animals     other.ADJAdjectival
    syntactic     may have.3SThird person singular (person)
    neither speaker nor addressee    .PASTPast tense (tense)
    action occurred before moment of speech     –hit.PTCPParticiple
    adjectival form of a verb

  8. I can see them.
    đi ţaŧ ωta–masenada.
    i.1SFirst person singular (person)
    speaker, signer, etc.; I     them.3PThird person plural (person)
    neither speaker nor addressee, they/them     can.1SFirst person singular (person)
    speaker, signer, etc.; I    .PRESPresent tense (tense)
    current     –see.PTCPParticiple
    adjectival form of a verb
    I cannot see them.
    đi ţaŧ ωta–ki–masenada.
    i.1SFirst person singular (person)
    speaker, signer, etc.; I     them.3PThird person plural (person)
    neither speaker nor addressee, they/them     can.1SFirst person singular (person)
    speaker, signer, etc.; I    .PRESPresent tense (tense)
    current     –not.NEGNegative (polarity)
    not     –see.PTCPParticiple
    adjectival form of a verb    .
    I cannot see them (but I believe they are there/can sense them some other way/or some such).
    đi ţaŧ ωta–masenada–ki.
    i.1SFirst person singular (person)
    speaker, signer, etc.; I     them.3PThird person plural (person)
    neither speaker nor addressee, they/them     can.1SFirst person singular (person)
    speaker, signer, etc.; I    .PRESPresent tense (tense)
    current     –see.PTCPParticiple
    adjectival form of a verb     –not.NEGNegative (polarity)
    not    .

  9. Leave!
    IMPERATIVE! Imperatives have polite, neutral, and rude/urgent forms. (And I chose to use the 2S form of you, but of course 2P would work also.)
    polite/formal: tiꞩ, đe reķţiri.
    please.POLPolite (respect/formality)
    formal, polite     you.2SSecond person singular (person)
    addressee (you)     leave.2SSecond person singular (person)
    addressee (you)    .PRESPresent tense (tense)
    current
    neutral/informal: đe reķţiri.
    you.2SSecond person singular (person)
    addressee (you)     leave.2SSecond person singular (person)
    addressee (you)    .PRESPresent tense (tense)
    current
    rude or very urgent: !reķţiri!
    leave.2SSecond person singular (person)
    addressee (you)    .PRESPresent tense (tense)
    current    .DESPDespective (respect/formality)
    derogatory, pejorative, rude
    Do not leave! (I'm just going to use the neutral imperative form from here.)
    đe reķtiri–ki.
    you.2SSecond person singular (person)
    addressee (you)    . leave.2SSecond person singular (person)
    addressee (you)    .PRESPresent tense (tense)
    current    –not.NEGNegative (polarity)
    not

  10. Come to me today!
    đe lo đi rikimi–aţedaķda.
    you.2SSecond person singular (person)
    addressee (you)     to.ADPAdposition (POS) me.1SFirst person singular (person)
    speaker, signer, etc.; I     come.2SSecond person singular (person)
    addressee (you)    .PRESPresent tense (tense)
    current     –today.ADVAdverbial
    e.g. English '-ly'
    Do not come to me today!
    đe lo đi rikimi–ki–aţedaķda.
    you.2SSecond person singular (person)
    addressee (you)     to.ADPAdposition (POS) me.1SFirst person singular (person)
    speaker, signer, etc.; I     come.2SSecond person singular (person)
    addressee (you)    .PRESPresent tense (tense)
    current     –not.NEGNegative (polarity)
    not     –today.ADVAdverbial
    e.g. English '-ly'
    Do not come to me today! (Do so some other day.)
    đe lo đi rikimi–aţedaķda–ki.
    you.2SSecond person singular (person)
    addressee (you)     to.ADPAdposition (POS) me.1SFirst person singular (person)
    speaker, signer, etc.; I     come.2SSecond person singular (person)
    addressee (you)    .PRESPresent tense (tense)
    current     –today.ADVAdverbial
    e.g. English '-ly'     –not.NEGNegative (polarity)
    not
    Do not come to me today! (Go to someone else today.)
    "Me" is a pronoun, but the phrase "to me" acts as an adverb (put in front rather than behind because entire phrases would get entirely too awkward). I negated the phrase by putting dashes between the words (which wouldn't be there otherwise - this indicates that it's meant to be taken as negating the entire phrase and hopefully is not quite as awkward, though it could still be long) and adding ki to the end.
    đe lo–đi–ki rikimi–aţedaķda.
    you.2SSecond person singular (person)
    addressee (you)     to.ADPAdposition (POS) –me.1SFirst person singular (person)
    speaker, signer, etc.; I     –not.NEGNegative (polarity)
    not     come.2SSecond person singular (person)
    addressee (you)    .PRESPresent tense (tense)
    current     –today.ADVAdverbial
    e.g. English '-ly'

  11. Have you seen my cat?
    ¿ωhenadi keꞩiđami đe?
    have seen.PRESPresent tense (tense)
    current    .PERFPerfect (aspect/tense)
    have verb-ed     cat(mine).1SFirst person singular (person)
    speaker, signer, etc.; I    .KINKinship ties (respect/formality)
    between family members     you.2SSecond person singular (person)
    addressee (you)
    Have you not seen my cat?
    ¿ωhenadi–ki keꞩiđami đe?
    have seen.PRESPresent tense (tense)
    current    .PERFPerfect (aspect/tense)
    have verb-ed     –not.NEGNegative (polarity)
    not     cat(mine).1SFirst person singular (person)
    speaker, signer, etc.; I    .KINKinship ties (respect/formality)
    between family members     you.2SSecond person singular (person)
    addressee (you)

  12. Do I have to go?
    ¿đoba–marωkaţa đi?
    must.1SFirst person singular (person)
    speaker, signer, etc.; I    .PRESPresent tense (tense)
    current     go.PTCPParticiple
    adjectival form of a verb     i.1SFirst person singular (person)
    speaker, signer, etc.; I
    Do I not have to go? (May I stay?)
    ¿kónωva–marωkaţa–ki đi?
    may.1SFirst person singular (person)
    speaker, signer, etc.; I    .PRESPresent tense (tense)
    current     –go.PTCPParticiple
    adjectival form of a verb     –not.NEGNegative (polarity)
    not     i.1SFirst person singular (person)
    speaker, signer, etc.; I
    Do I have to not go? urk, split infinitive (Must I stay?)
    ¿đoba–marωkaţa–ki đi?
    must.1SFirst person singular (person)
    speaker, signer, etc.; I    .PRESPresent tense (tense)
    current     go.PTCPParticiple
    adjectival form of a verb     –not.NEGNegative (polarity)
    not     i.1SFirst person singular (person)
    speaker, signer, etc.; I

  13. You have to go.
    đe đobi–marωkaţa.
    you.2SSecond person singular (person)
    addressee (you)     must.2SSecond person singular (person)
    addressee (you)    .PRESPresent tense (tense)
    current     –go.PTCPParticiple
    adjectival form of a verb
    You do not have to go. (You may stay.)
    đe kónωvi–marωkaţa–ki.
    you.2SSecond person singular (person)
    addressee (you)     may.2SSecond person singular (person)
    addressee (you)    .PRESPresent tense (tense)
    current     –go.PTCPParticiple
    adjectival form of a verb     –not.NEGNegative (polarity)
    not
    You must not go. (You must stay.)
    đe đobi–marωkaţa–ki.
    you.2SSecond person singular (person)
    addressee (you)     must.2SSecond person singular (person)
    addressee (you)    .PRESPresent tense (tense)
    current     –go.PTCPParticiple
    adjectival form of a verb     –not.NEGNegative (polarity)
    not
    or
    đe kónωvi–ki–marωkaţa.
    you.2SSecond person singular (person)
    addressee (you)     may.2SSecond person singular (person)
    addressee (you)    .PRESPresent tense (tense)
    current     –not.NEGNegative (polarity)
    not     go.PTCPParticiple
    adjectival form of a verb

  14. You should go.
    đe rωŧi–marωkaţa.
    you.2SSecond person singular (person)
    addressee (you)     should.2SSecond person singular (person)
    addressee (you)    .PRESPresent tense (tense)
    current     –go.PTCPParticiple
    adjectival form of a verb
    You should not go.
    đe rωŧi–ki–marωkaţa.
    you.2SSecond person singular (person)
    addressee (you)     should.2SSecond person singular (person)
    addressee (you)    .PRESPresent tense (tense)
    current     –not.NEGNegative (polarity)
    not     –go.PTCPParticiple
    adjectival form of a verb

  15. Always eat your food. (Neutral imperative)
    đe otane oti–duveķdi.
    you.2SSecond person singular (person)
    addressee (you)     food(yours).UCNTUncountable (number)
    non-count, uncountable, mass    .GENGenitive (case)
    possessive     eat.2SSecond person singular (person)
    addressee (you)    .PRESPresent tense (tense)
    current     –always.ADVAdverbial
    e.g. English '-ly'
    Do not always eat your food.
    đe otane oti–duveķdi–ki.
    you.2SSecond person singular (person)
    addressee (you)     food(yours).UCNTUncountable (number)
    non-count, uncountable, mass    .GENGenitive (case)
    possessive     eat.2SSecond person singular (person)
    addressee (you)    .PRESPresent tense (tense)
    current     –always.ADVAdverbial
    e.g. English '-ly'     –not.NEGNegative (polarity)
    not
    Never eat your food.
    đe otane oti–bit.
    you.2SSecond person singular (person)
    addressee (you)     food(yours).UCNTUncountable (number)
    non-count, uncountable, mass    .GENGenitive (case)
    possessive     eat.2SSecond person singular (person)
    addressee (you)    .PRESPresent tense (tense)
    current     –never.ADVAdverbial
    e.g. English '-ly'


[edit] [top]TOPIC 2: DERIVATIONAL STRATEGIES


 đa–uz uses several strategies. In some cases this is a structured process and the results are predictable... in others, not so much. The grammar is still developing, so this month has so far been extremely helpful. I have a lot yet to work out, but I can share some of what I've already used and thought through.


Compounding
This is where some of the language's most interesting words have originated, in my own opinion. General compounding is rather free; I imagine the need for a new word heralding a rousing game of Viking dodge-rock (since the form of child torture known as dodgeball hadn't been invented yet). A bunch of words huddle together for protection from the Norse missiles, the weaker clinging to the stronger, until enough pummeling fuses them together and a new hybrid word is born! Triumph!
...of course, I'm a bit weird.

Some examples:
  • musωs: to remember
    • + ţωri (each other) = museţωra: justice

    • → + ki (negation affix) = kimusωs: to forget
      • → bei (life) = beikimusωs: to kill
  • ŧe: ocean
    • → + ki (negation affix) = kiŧe: land
      • → + re (in) = kiŧereŧe: island, ("land in ocean")
        • → + ari (space) = ariŧere: planet ("island in space", a metaphorical ocean)
  • lωf: flat
    • → + haţo (arm) = lωţo: hand
      • → + daķꞩa (stone) = lωţodaķsa: fist ("stone hand")
  • daꞩi : love (general word)
    • → + ataţω (idea) = daꞩitaţω: philosophy
    • → + beiŧa (life) = beidaꞩi: agape ("love for all life")




Negation Compounding
I wrote last week about the negation affix ki, and it can be used here and there as a very basic strategy for any part of speech:
Adj
Noun
Verb
nita (tiny)→kinita: hugeŧe (ocean)→kiŧe: landrωkωs (tell the truth)→kirωkωs: lie
bei (alive)→kibei: deadma (end)→kima: circle ("no-end")tivωs (to fear)→kiţivωs: to show bravery
...and so on.


Deadjectival (adj → adv)
  • If the adjective ends in a consonant, suffix -i.
    • ωđωt (wise) → ωđωti: wisely
  • If the adjective ends in a vowel other than i, drop the ending vowel and replace it with i.
    • adofe (foolish) → adofi: foolishly
  • If the adjective already ends in i, suffix -mi
    • rosi (shy) → rosimi: shyly

Of course, sometimes this rule is not followed. :) This is especially true if the resulting word would be difficult to pronounce, or if it would reduplicate an existing word in a confusing way. For example, dangerous is đoko, but dangerously is đokomi. This is because đoki already means evilly (in an evil way), and the subject matter is close enough in meaning that there could be confusion.


Diminutives
There is no one set strategy for diminutives, but often the word is "softened" somehow through changing its ending vowel, and also perhaps by shortening the word.
For example:
  • satas (mother) → siti (mum) → si (mummy)
  • iꞩuđa (dog) → iꞩuđi (puppy)
  • keꞩiđa (cat) → keꞩi (kitten)



There is more, but it's still fairly unstructured. I'm going to stop here, as I'm running out of time and energy. I do think this is a lot of fun, and the birth of new words is one of my most favourite things (I'm sure I'm not alone in that).


[edit] [top]TOPIC 3: ASPECT/AKTIONSART

This has been an extremely helpful week! And now some of my past translations are a mess.

 đa–uz has the added complication of having deixis as well as tense and a couple of aspects. A lot is done lexically, also (meaning, if I'm getting this correctly, via other words rather than through changes in the verb).

The deixis is not relative to the speaker but marks where the verbing the speaker is discussing goes on: aquatic AQUAquatic (deixis)
in or on the water (in or on the water), littoral LTTLittoral (deixis)
onshore, coastal (at the shore), telluric TLLTelluric (deixis)
on land, inland (on land), or unknown.

Simple/Perfective
In its basic form, a verb is taken to be simple/perfective in past and future tense, and in the present it simply encapsulates what's happening at this very instant with no other emphasis or implications (though we could certainly infer them). (Some things we say in the present tense in English will wind up being gnomic, as well.) Tense and deixis are indicated in combined affix(es).

For example, The girls play.:
Deixis
Tense
 PastPresentFutureGnomic
Telluric
happening on dry land		satiꞩasi tωꞩamωs.
girls.3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them.ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving.SENTSentient (class)
e.g. humans played.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.TLLTelluric (deixis)
on land, inland		satiꞩasi tωꞩωs.
girls.3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them.ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving.SENTSentient (class)
e.g. humans play.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.PRSPresent tense (tense).TLLTelluric (deixis)
on land, inland		satiꞩasi tωꞩakωs.
girls.3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them.ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving.SENTSentient (class)
e.g. humans will play.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.FTFuture tense (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech.TLLTelluric (deixis)
on land, inland
Littoral
happening on the shore		satiꞩasi tωꞩaꞩωs.
girls.3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them.ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving.SENTSentient (class)
e.g. humans played.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.LTTLittoral (deixis)
onshore, coastal		satiꞩasi tωꞩiꞩωs.
girls.3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them.ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving.SENTSentient (class)
e.g. humans play.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.PRSPresent tense (tense).LTTLittoral (deixis)
onshore, coastal		satiꞩasi tωꞩωķꞩωs.
girls.3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them.ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving.SENTSentient (class)
e.g. humans will play.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.FTFuture tense (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech.LTTLittoral (deixis)
onshore, coastal
Aquatic
happening on or in the water		satiꞩasi ȶetωꞩaꞩωs.
girls.3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them.ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving.SENTSentient (class)
e.g. humans played.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.AQUAquatic (deixis)
in or on the water		satiꞩasi ȶetωꞩiꞩωs.
girls.3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them.ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving.SENTSentient (class)
e.g. humans play.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.PRSPresent tense (tense).AQUAquatic (deixis)
in or on the water		satiꞩasi ȶetωꞩωķꞩωs.
girls.3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them.ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving.SENTSentient (class)
e.g. humans will play.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.FTFuture tense (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech.AQUAquatic (deixis)
in or on the water
unknown
???		satiꞩasi e tωꞩamωs.
girls.3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them.ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving.SENTSentient (class)
e.g. humans played.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.unk		satiꞩasi e tωꞩωs.
girls.3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them.ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving.SENTSentient (class)
e.g. humans play.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.PRSPresent tense (tense).unk		satiꞩasi e tωꞩakωs.
girls.3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them.ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving.SENTSentient (class)
e.g. humans will play.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.FTFuture tense (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech.unk



Progressive Aspect
This would be, as the article above states, happening at the time of reference. It implies that the action began before that time and is still ongoing.

This is accomplished by prefixing ω (if a consonant comes next) or ωh (if a vowel comes next) to the conjugated verb, deixis included.

Examples:
Simple/perfective (TLL)Progressive (TLL)
We sang.
ţida sisađamas.
we.1PFirst person plural (person)
we (inclusive or exclusive) sang.1PFirst person plural (person)
we (inclusive or exclusive).PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.TLLTelluric (deixis)
on land, inland		We were singing.
ţida ωsisađamas.
we.1PFirst person plural (person)
we (inclusive or exclusive) were-singing.1PFirst person plural (person)
we (inclusive or exclusive).PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.TLLTelluric (deixis)
on land, inland.PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing
The whale swam.
haŧeđa ȶiđaꞩω.
whale.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I swam.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.TLLTelluric (deixis)
on land, inland		The whale was swimming.
haŧeđa ωȶiđaꞩω.
whale.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I was-swimming.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.TLLTelluric (deixis)
on land, inland.PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing



Frequentative Aspect
If we want to say "happens over and over", the frequentative aspect would reduplicate the first two syllables of the conjugated verb as a separate word directly in front (similar to e above). If the conjugated verb is only two syllables long (they are always a minimum of two syllables), it reduplicates the entire word.

Example:
Simple/perfective (TLL)Frequentative (TLL)
You asked.
đe baţanami.
you.2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you) asked.2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you).PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.TLLTelluric (deixis)
on land, inland		You asked repeatedly.
đe baţa baţanami
you.2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you) asked-repeatedly.2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you).PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.TLLTelluric (deixis)
on land, inland.FREQFrequentative (aspect)
repeated or customary action


Intrinsic Deixis or Aspect
Oops. I forgot to add this, so I'm editing to add it now. Some verbs have an intrinsic deixis or aspect by virtue of their definition, like hit, which is punctual, or swim, which is aquatic. Nifty things (or bad grammar if done incorrectly, heh!) can happen by changing the deixis or aspect. This can change the meaning of the word.

Changing AspectChanging Deixis
Perfective:
You hit him.
đea dakyţami.
you-he.2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you).3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee hit.2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you).PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.LTTLittoral (deixis)
onshore, coastal
Aquatic:
Fish swam.
ŧekiđasi ȶiđaꞩωs.
fish.ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving.SENTSentient (class)
e.g. humans.3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them swam.3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them.PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.AQUAquatic (deixis)
in or on the water
Frequentative:
You beat him up.
đea daky dakyţami.
you-he.2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you).3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee hit.2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you).PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.TLLTelluric (deixis)
on land, inland.FREQFrequentative (aspect)
repeated or customary action
He waded in the lake.
đe re kireķbi iđaꞩω.
he.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee in.ADPAdposition (POS) lake.PAPseudo-animate (animacy)
animate and inanimate at the same time.PSPseudo-sentient (class)
not-quite-sentient waded.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.LTTLittoral (deixis)
onshore, coastal
Frequentative and Progressive:
You were beating him up.
đea ωda ωdakyţami.
you-he.2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you).3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee. hit.2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you).PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.TLLTelluric (deixis)
on land, inland.FREQFrequentative (aspect)
repeated or customary action.PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing
The raptor flew.
kytifeŧe iđamω.
raptor.ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving.SENTSentient (class)
e.g. humans flew.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.TLLTelluric (deixis)
on land, inland




TRANSLATIONS:
After the first translation, I'm only going to do one deixis per sentence, but I'll try to mix it up at least a bit.

 đa–uz
  1. The grass is green.
    • bamωku bωku numω. (Telluric)
      grass.UCNTUncountable (number)
      non-count, uncountable, mass       green.ADJAdjectival
      syntactic       is.3SThird person singular (person)
      neither speaker nor addressee      .PRESPresent tense (tense)
      current      .TLLTelluric (deixis)
      on land, inland
    • bamωku bωku numiꞩω. (Littoral)
      grass.UCNTUncountable (number)
      non-count, uncountable, mass       green.ADJAdjectival
      syntactic       is.3SThird person singular (person)
      neither speaker nor addressee      .PRESPresent tense (tense)
      current      .LTTLittoral (deixis)
      onshore, coastal
    • ŧemωku bωku ȶenumiꞩω. (Aquatic)
      sea grass.UCNTUncountable (number)
      non-count, uncountable, mass       green.ADJAdjectival
      syntactic       is.3SThird person singular (person)
      neither speaker nor addressee      .PRESPresent tense (tense)
      current      .AQUAquatic (deixis)
      in or on the water

  2. His hair turned white.
    • masminika birωŧu neimamω.
      hair(his).ANAnimate (gender/class)
      alive, moving      .NSNTNon-sentient (class)
      non-sentient animals      .PLPlural (number)
      more than one/few      .3SThird person singular (person)
      neither speaker nor addressee      .GENGenitive (case)
      possessive       white.ADJAdjectival
      syntactic       became.3SThird person singular (person)
      neither speaker nor addressee      .PASTPast tense (tense)
      action occurred before moment of speech      .TLLTelluric (deixis)
      on land, inland

  3. He closed the door.
    • đa ţedera kiţeraꞩω.
      he.3SThird person singular (person)
      neither speaker nor addressee       door.INInanimate (gender/class)
      for non-living things      .NSNTNon-sentient (class)
      non-sentient animals       closed.3SThird person singular (person)
      neither speaker nor addressee      .PASTPast tense (tense)
      action occurred before moment of speech      .TLLTelluric (deixis)
      on land, inland

  4. I see him, he is over there.
    • đia ȶenadiꞩa. đa ȶenumiꞩω–kinihe.
      i-him.1SFirst person singular (person)
      speaker, signer, etc.; I      .3SThird person singular (person)
      neither speaker nor addressee       see.1SFirst person singular (person)
      speaker, signer, etc.; I      .PRESPresent tense (tense)
      current      .AQUAquatic (deixis)
      in or on the water       he.3SThird person singular (person)
      neither speaker nor addressee       is.3SThird person singular (person)
      neither speaker nor addressee      .PRESPresent tense (tense)
      current      .AQUAquatic (deixis)
      in or on the water       –there.ADVAdverbial
      e.g. English '-ly'

  5. I came in as he was talking.
    • đi rimikama va đa ωhusamω.
      i.1SFirst person singular (person)
      speaker, signer, etc.; I       entered.1SFirst person singular (person)
      speaker, signer, etc.; I      .PASTPast tense (tense)
      action occurred before moment of speech      .TLLTelluric (deixis)
      on land, inland       while.ADPAdposition (POS) he.3SThird person singular (person)
      neither speaker nor addressee       was-talking.3SThird person singular (person)
      neither speaker nor addressee      .PASTPast tense (tense)
      action occurred before moment of speech      .TLLTelluric (deixis)
      on land, inland      .PROGProgressive (aspect)
      be verb-ing

  6. When I come he'll be reading.
    • meķda đi rikamama, đa ωhenωȶakω.
      when i.1SFirst person singular (person)
      speaker, signer, etc.; I       arrive.1SFirst person singular (person)
      speaker, signer, etc.; I      .FTFuture tense (tense)
      action occurring after the moment of speech      .TLLTelluric (deixis)
      on land, inland       he.3SThird person singular (person)
      neither speaker nor addressee       will-be-reading.3SThird person singular (person)
      neither speaker nor addressee      .FTFuture tense (tense)
      action occurring after the moment of speech      .TLLTelluric (deixis)
      on land, inland      .PROGProgressive (aspect)
      be verb-ing

  7. She was tall.
    • đa haꞩta numω.
      she.3SThird person singular (person)
      neither speaker nor addressee       tall.ADJAdjectival
      syntactic       was.3SThird person singular (person)
      neither speaker nor addressee      .PASTPast tense (tense)
      action occurred before moment of speech      .TLLTelluric (deixis)
      on land, inland

  8. She had become taller than me.
    • đa im đi haꞩta neimamω.
      she.3SThird person singular (person)
      neither speaker nor addressee       than.COMPComparative (comparison)
      e.g. 'better'       me.1SFirst person singular (person)
      speaker, signer, etc.; I       tall.ADJAdjectival
      syntactic       became.3SThird person singular (person)
      neither speaker nor addressee      .PASTPast tense (tense)
      action occurred before moment of speech      .TLLTelluric (deixis)
      on land, inland
      This doesn't quite capture the nuance in meaning. Working on it.

  9. While Mulder was talking, Scully was reading.
    • va :mulder: ωhusamω, :skuli: enωȶamω.
      while.ADPAdposition (POS) Mulder.PRProper
      marks a noun as referring to a unique entity       was-talking.3SThird person singular (person)
      neither speaker nor addressee      .PASTPast tense (tense)
      action occurred before moment of speech      .TLLTelluric (deixis)
      on land, inland      .PROGProgressive (aspect)
      be verb-ing       Scully.PRProper
      marks a noun as referring to a unique entity       was-reading.3SThird person singular (person)
      neither speaker nor addressee      .PASTPast tense (tense)
      action occurred before moment of speech      .TLLTelluric (deixis)
      on land, inland      .PROGProgressive (aspect)
      be verb-ing

  10. While Kirk was talking, the Klingon died.
    • va :kirk: ωhusamω, :klingön: beimamω.
      while.ADPAdposition (POS) Kirk.PRProper
      marks a noun as referring to a unique entity       was-talking.3SThird person singular (person)
      neither speaker nor addressee      .PASTPast tense (tense)
      action occurred before moment of speech      .TLLTelluric (deixis)
      on land, inland      .PROGProgressive (aspect)
      be verb-ing       Klingon.PRProper
      marks a noun as referring to a unique entity       died.3SThird person singular (person)
      neither speaker nor addressee      .PASTPast tense (tense)
      action occurred before moment of speech      .TLLTelluric (deixis)
      on land, inland

  11. They beat him up for an hour.
    • ţo arωset a, ţaŧ đa daky dakyţaꞩωs.
      for(time period).ADPAdposition (POS) hour.PAPseudo-animate (animacy)
      animate and inanimate at the same time      .PSPseudo-sentient (class)
      not-quite-sentient       one.ADJAdjectival
      syntactic       they.3PThird person plural (person)
      neither speaker nor addressee, they/them       him.3SThird person singular (person)
      neither speaker nor addressee       beat-up.3PThird person plural (person)
      neither speaker nor addressee, they/them      .PASTPast tense (tense)
      action occurred before moment of speech      .LTTLittoral (deixis)
      onshore, coastal      .FREQFrequentative (aspect)
      repeated or customary action      .

  12. John has won money and now he is rich.
    • :ţön: koꞩaras iꞩteţomamωs ω đa koꞩi numω–daţeda.
      John.PRProper
      marks a noun as referring to a unique entity       money.INInanimate (gender/class)
      for non-living things      .NSNTNon-sentient (class)
      non-sentient animals      .PLPlural (number)
      more than one/few       won.3SThird person singular (person)
      neither speaker nor addressee      .PASTPast tense (tense)
      action occurred before moment of speech      .TLLTelluric (deixis)
      on land, inland       and.CONJConjunction
      links two arguments or clauses together       he.3SThird person singular (person)
      neither speaker nor addressee       rich.ADJAdjectival
      syntactic       is.3SThird person singular (person)
      neither speaker nor addressee      .PRESPresent tense (tense)
      current      .TLLTelluric (deixis)
      on land, inland       –now.ADVAdverbial
      e.g. English '-ly'

  13. People kept saying rude things to me.
    • đasi daķras đono lo đi evar evaramωs.3P.PAST.TLL.PROG
      people.ANAnimate (gender/class)
      alive, moving      .SENTSentient (class)
      e.g. humans      .PLPlural (number)
      more than one/few       things.INInanimate (gender/class)
      for non-living things      .NSNTNon-sentient (class)
      non-sentient animals      .PLPlural (number)
      more than one/few       rude.ADJAdjectival
      syntactic       to.ADPAdposition (POS) me.1SFirst person singular (person)
      speaker, signer, etc.; I       said.3PThird person plural (person)
      neither speaker nor addressee, they/them      .PASTPast tense (tense)
      action occurred before moment of speech      .TLLTelluric (deixis)
      on land, inland      .FREQFrequentative (aspect)
      repeated or customary action

  14. I am about to meet my sister.
    • đi satꞩami efiꞩωsωķꞩa–biţeda.
      i.1SFirst person singular (person)
      speaker, signer, etc.; I       sister(mine) will-meet.1SFirst person singular (person)
      speaker, signer, etc.; I      .FTFuture tense (tense)
      action occurring after the moment of speech      .LTTLittoral (deixis)
      onshore, coastal       –very.ADVAdverbial
      e.g. English '-ly'      .AFFAffirmative (polarity)
      positive, opposite of NEG       –soon.ADVAdverbial
      e.g. English '-ly'

  15. I just met your sister.
    • đi satꞩamω ȶefiꞩωsaꞩa–daţeda.
      i.1SFirst person singular (person)
      speaker, signer, etc.; I       sister(yours).2SSecond person singular (person)
      addressee (you)      .GENGenitive (case)
      possessive       met.1SFirst person singular (person)
      speaker, signer, etc.; I      .PASTPast tense (tense)
      action occurred before moment of speech      .AQUAquatic (deixis)
      in or on the water       –now.ADVAdverbial
      e.g. English '-ly'
      Past tense + 'now' = just now, very recently

  16. I am just finishing my meal.
    • đi otana ωmama–daţeda.
      i.1SFirst person singular (person)
      speaker, signer, etc.; I       food(mine).UCNTUncountable (number)
      non-count, uncountable, mass      .GENGenitive (case)
      possessive       am-finishing.1SFirst person singular (person)
      speaker, signer, etc.; I      .PRESPresent tense (tense)
      current      .TLLTelluric (deixis)
      on land, inland      .PROGProgressive (aspect)
      be verb-ing       –now.ADVAdverbial
      e.g. English '-ly'

  17. I have said this again and again: it will not work.
    • đi ad ȶeva ȶevaraꞩa. đa ȶiꞩteţomωķꞩω–ki.
      i.1SFirst person singular (person)
      speaker, signer, etc.; I       this.PNPronoun said.1SFirst person singular (person)
      speaker, signer, etc.; I      .PASTPast tense (tense)
      action occurred before moment of speech      .AQUAquatic (deixis)
      in or on the water      .FREQFrequentative (aspect)
      repeated or customary action       it.3SThird person singular (person)
      neither speaker nor addressee       will-succeed.3SThird person singular (person)
      neither speaker nor addressee      .FTFuture tense (tense)
      action occurring after the moment of speech      .AQUAquatic (deixis)
      in or on the water      –not.NEGNegative (polarity)
      not

  18. I am visiting my parents tonight.
    • đi satasami ω rabasami efiŧaka–aţenovaķda
      i.1SFirst person singular (person)
      speaker, signer, etc.; I       mother(mine).1SFirst person singular (person)
      speaker, signer, etc.; I      .GENGenitive (case)
      possessive       and.CONJConjunction
      links two arguments or clauses together       father(mine).1SFirst person singular (person)
      speaker, signer, etc.; I      .GENGenitive (case)
      possessive       will-visit.1SFirst person singular (person)
      speaker, signer, etc.; I      .FTFuture tense (tense)
      action occurring after the moment of speech      .TLLTelluric (deixis)
      on land, inland       –tonight.ADVAdverbial
      e.g. English '-ly'

  19. Having seen me, he came to a halt.
    • meꞩ đai enadamω, đa rikemamamω.
      because.CONJConjunction
      links two arguments or clauses together      .SRSubordinator
      marks subordinate clause       he-i.3SThird person singular (person)
      neither speaker nor addressee      .1SFirst person singular (person)
      speaker, signer, etc.; I       saw.3SThird person singular (person)
      neither speaker nor addressee      .PASTPast tense (tense)
      action occurred before moment of speech      .TLLTelluric (deixis)
      on land, inland       he.3SThird person singular (person)
      neither speaker nor addressee       stopped.3SThird person singular (person)
      neither speaker nor addressee      .PASTPast tense (tense)
      action occurred before moment of speech      .TLLTelluric (deixis)
      on land, inland

  20. As I was walking in the forest, I heard a wolf.
    • meķda đi din beđusni ωhoŕikama, đi ꞩuđa nirama.
      when.ADVAdverbial
      e.g. English '-ly'      .SRSubordinator
      marks subordinate clause       i.1SFirst person singular (person)
      speaker, signer, etc.; I       through.ADPAdposition (POS) forest.ANAnimate (gender/class)
      alive, moving      .PSPseudo-sentient (class)
      not-quite-sentient       was-walking.1SFirst person singular (person)
      speaker, signer, etc.; I      .PASTPast tense (tense)
      action occurred before moment of speech      .TLLTelluric (deixis)
      on land, inland      .PROGProgressive (aspect)
      be verb-ing       i.1SFirst person singular (person)
      speaker, signer, etc.; I       wolf.ANAnimate (gender/class)
      alive, moving      .SENTSentient (class)
      e.g. humans       heard.1SFirst person singular (person)
      speaker, signer, etc.; I      .PASTPast tense (tense)
      action occurred before moment of speech      .TLLTelluric (deixis)
      on land, inland

  21. I walked into the house and the dog barked.
    • meķda đi re nimasω hoŕikama, iꞩuđa röfamω.
      when i.1SFirst person singular (person)
      speaker, signer, etc.; I       in.ADPAdposition (POS) house.PAPseudo-animate (animacy)
      animate and inanimate at the same time      .PSPseudo-sentient (class)
      not-quite-sentient       walked.1SFirst person singular (person)
      speaker, signer, etc.; I      .PASTPast tense (tense)
      action occurred before moment of speech      .TLLTelluric (deixis)
      on land, inland       dog.ANAnimate (gender/class)
      alive, moving      .SENTSentient (class)
      e.g. humans       barked.3SThird person singular (person)
      neither speaker nor addressee      .PASTPast tense (tense)
      action occurred before moment of speech      .TLLTelluric (deixis)
      on land, inland

  22. This is wrong.
    • ad đok ȶenumiꞩω.
      this.PNPronoun wrong.ADJAdjectival
      syntactic       is.3SThird person singular (person)
      neither speaker nor addressee      .PRESPresent tense (tense)
      current      .AQUAquatic (deixis)
      in or on the water

  23. He is usually tired when he comes home.
    • This just needs to be fixed.

  24. He knew that he was talking too fast.
    • đa đωtamω, am đa ωhusamω–ysi–fe.
      he.3SThird person singular (person)
      neither speaker nor addressee       knew.3SThird person singular (person)
      neither speaker nor addressee      .PASTPast tense (tense)
      action occurred before moment of speech      .TLLTelluric (deixis)
      on land, inland       that.CONJConjunction
      links two arguments or clauses together      .SRSubordinator
      marks subordinate clause       he.3SThird person singular (person)
      neither speaker nor addressee       was-talking.3SThird person singular (person)
      neither speaker nor addressee      .PASTPast tense (tense)
      action occurred before moment of speech      .TLLTelluric (deixis)
      on land, inland      .PROGProgressive (aspect)
      be verb-ing       –quickly.ADVAdverbial
      e.g. English '-ly'       –too.ADVAdverbial
      e.g. English '-ly'

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