Diachronics: Thap
▲
2▲ 2 ▼ 0
Sound changes from Proto-Lahiri to High Thap
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 22 Oct 2020, 02:59.
[comments] plhotpjytiktdiachronicssound changeslahiri
1. Diachronics: Thap
?
?
2. Thap Grammar
?
?
?FYI...
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
I'm actually writing this to try and figure out what I was apparently doing a few months ago and didn't document well enough nor quite finish up whoops. Most of it is transcribed directly from the Lahani-Lahiri Worksheet, double-checked against PhoMo sets, and has (/will have) some examples added. Each section will begin with the starting stage's phonemic inventory, followed by the changes between it and its next immediate daughter. Only the languages directly between Proto-Lahiri and High Thap will be catalogued; there are many other daughters at various different branches.
The inventory of Proto-Lahiri (henceforth PLh) was fairly small, especially among the vowels, which only had three qualities (in a vertical system).
| Consonants | Labial | Apical | Post-apical |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | n | ||
| Stop | p b | t d | k |
| Fric | ɸ β | s z | x h |
| Affr. | ts dz | ||
| Appr. | w | l | j |
Vowels: ɨ ɨ̰ | ə ə̰ | a a̰
Stress was lexical and marked with an acute accent.
Diachronics
- /n/ assimilation: n → m / adjacent to bilabials
- intervocalic voicing: k, β → g, w / between vowels
- /β-ɸ/ merger: β → ɸ / elsewhere
- schwa deletion: ə → Ø...
- initially, before a single consonant or a consonant-approximant cluster
- after a vowel
- this occurs even when stressed; in this case, stress shifts to the subsequent syllable
- initially, before a single consonant or a consonant-approximant cluster
- oral vowel splitting
- ɨ ə → u o / before labial and velar sounds
- ɨ ə → i e / elsewhere
- (oral vowels only—/ɨ̰ ə̰/ remain unaffected)
- ɨ ə → u o / before labial and velar sounds
- /d/ deletion: d → Ø / after /n/
The Insular Lahiri consonant inventory is only very slightly different overall from the PLh inventory, gaining /m g/ and losing /β/. However, the vowel inventory has become somewhat more complex.
| Consonants | Labial | Apical | Post-apical |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | |
| Stop | p b | t d | k g |
| Fric | ɸ | s z | x h |
| Affr. | ts dz | ||
| Appr. | w | l | j |
| Vowels | Front | Central | Back |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ɨ̰ | u |
| Mid | e | ə̰ | o |
| Open | a a̰ |
Diachronics: to South Insular
- nasal changes
- m[labial], [labial]m → m
- n[velar], gn → ŋ
- m[labial], [labial]m → m
- yod formation: ɨ̰ → j / before vowels
- creaky vowel splitting
- ɨ̰ ə̰ → ḭ ḛ / adjacent to /j/, front vowels, and sibilants
- ɨ̰ ə̰ → ɯ̰ ʌ̰ / elsewhere
- ɨ̰ ə̰ → ḭ ḛ / adjacent to /j/, front vowels, and sibilants
- low creaking: creaky vowels gain low register tone
- glottal insertion: Ø → ʔ / in null onsets and hiatus
- palatalization: ts dz → tʃ dʒ
- /x-h/ merger: x → h
- nasal glottalization: nasals → glottalized nasals / adjacent to low/creaky vowels
- glide deletion: j w → Ø / before a consonant or word-finally
- cluster simplification: tʃ → ʃ / in contact with /k/
Errors
- PhoMo ruleset contains changes to /ɨ ə/ after they already don't exist anymore.
The inventory expands slightly again at this stage, with the addition of glottalized nasals, and more vowel differentiation. /x/ is lost.
| Consonants | Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Back |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m mˀ | n nˀ | ŋ ŋˀ | |
| Stop | p b | t d | tʃ dʒ | k g ʔ |
| Fric | ɸ | s z | h | |
| Appr. | l | j | w |
| Vowels | Front | Central | Back |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i ḭ̀ | u ɯ̰̀ | |
| Mid | e ḛ̀ | o ʌ̰̀ | |
| Open | a à̰ |
Diachronics: to Teyetohi
- when stressed:
- mid vowels gain high tone
- low-creaky vowels become mid-creaky vowels
- voiceless stops become aspirated
- mid vowels gain high tone
- dentalization: alveolars → dental (including /s zstill not sure if /z/ is real/ → /s̪ z̪/)
- palatalization: s z → ʃ ʒ / before /j/, front vowels, and other postalveolars
- monophthongization: two vowels merge into one more-extreme-tone vowel
- oe, ea, ae → é
- ui, ei, ie → í
- eo, oa, ao → ó
- iu, ou, uo → ú
- òè, èà, àè → ę
- etc...
- oe, ea, ae → é
- vowel raising: a á → e é / before /n/ ; → o ó / before /m/
- aspiration: h[-V stop] clusters → aspirated stop
- cluster reducing aspiration: voiceless stops → aspiration / after other voiceless stops
- tone dropping: vowels drop 1 tone when...
- word-finally before /h ɸ/
- before /h/ and another consonant
- (á → a, a → à, ą → à̰)
- syncope: À, Ą → Ø when surrounded by creaky or low tone syllables
- word-finally before /h ɸ/
- gliding: i u → j w / after vowels
- /ju/-ing: iwe, iwi, ewe, ewi → ju
Errors
- Apparently lose /z/ at this stage. No evidence of why.
- Monophthongization: " V//Á_ " — what is Á ? undefined, no PhoMo category
--- Also: not sure there is any hiatus at this point? did a _/ʔ/V_V in last round?
--- Was this supposed to come after the low-vowel-deletion rules?
The inventory continues to expand, with the addition of aspirated stops and two new vowel registers.
| Consonants | Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Back |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m mˀ | n nˀ | ŋ ŋˀ | |
| Stop | pʰ p b | tʰ t d | tʃ dʒ | kʰ k g ʔ |
| Fric | ɸ | s | ʃ ʒ | h |
| Appr. | l | j | w |
| Vowels | Front | Central | Back |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | í i ḭ ḭ̀ | ú u ɯ̰ ɯ̰̀ | |
| Mid | é e ḛ ḛ̀ | ó o ʌ̰ ʌ̰̀ | |
| Open | á a a̰ à̰ |
Diachronics: to Old Thap
- creak spread: any oral vowel adjacent to a creaky vowel becomes creaky
- syncope: oral mid-tone and creaky vowels delete in weak syllables (typically 3+ syll words only)
- labial-alveolar split/merger
- alveolars → bilabials / before labials
- w → Ø / after bilabials ;
- but/and
- labials → alveolars / before alveolars or /j/
- j → Ø / after alveolars
- alveolars → bilabials / before labials
- palatalization
- tj → tʃ
- dj, jj, jʔ → dʒ
- j → dʒ / Á_À
- tj → tʃ
- monophthongization/glide deletion
- wa, wá... we, wé... → u, ú... o, ó... / after consonants
- w → Ø / C_u...
- ja, já... jo, jó... → i, í... e, é... / after consonants
- j → Ø / C_i...
- wa, wá... we, wé... → u, ú... o, ó... / after consonants
- /l/-deletion: l → Ø / before bilabials
- prenasal stopping
- Nʔ, ʔN → prenasal stop
- N → prenasalization / before voiced stops
- Nʔ, ʔN → prenasal stop
- implosivization: b d g → ɓ ɗ ɠ / if adjacent to ʔ or pre-vocalic
- glottal deletion: ʔ → Ø / adjacent to a consonant
- epenthesis: break up word-initial clusters by inserting a vowel
- bilabial dissimilation/debuccalization
- p → Ø / word-finally after o, ó... or u, ú...
- ɸ → h / before o, ó...
- p → Ø / word-finally after o, ó... or u, ú...
- /ji/ simplification: j → Ø / before /i/ and after a word edge or consonant
- /u/ fronting: u → i / after initial /w/ or Cw
- /á/ assimilation: before CV or final C...
- á → ú / before bilabials
- á → é / before /j/ or postalveolars
- á → ó / elsewhere (+ base condition)
- á → ú / before bilabials
- weak consonant tone alterations: before creaky vowels, voiced fricatives, glides and /ʔ/...
- cause preceding vowel to lower by 1 tone register
- delete word-final low-tone vowels (unless they are the only vowel)
- → Ø
- cause preceding vowel to lower by 1 tone register
- consonant simplification: tʃ dʒ pʰ → ʃ ʒ ɸ / word-finally
Errors:
- Epenthesis: what vowel is put? (probably reduplication or... random)
- PhoMo ruleset wildly out of order with written ruleset (above follows PhoMo mostly)
- Written ruleset has vastly different palatalization rule (" j → c ɟ / (V)_{À j ʔ} " (???) )
- b/ᵐ/_Q#—written wrong or just ineffectual bc of implosivization?
- J category for palatalization includes /tʃ dʒ/ but not /ʃ ʒ/
- what happens to /z/ that doesn't → /ʒ/
At this point the inventory is almost unwieldly in its largeness. (Almost.) There are five stop series (aspirated, voiceless, voiced, implosive, and prenasalized), two new approximants, and eight vowel qualities, most of which occur in each of five tone registers (although there is some asymmetry).
| Consonants | Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Back |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m mˀ | n nˀ | ŋ ŋˀ | |
| Stop | pʰ p b | tʰ t d | tʃ dʒ | kʰ k g ʔ |
| Fric | ɸ | s z | ʃ ʒ | h |
| Appr. | l | j | w |
| Vowels | Front | Central | Back |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | í i ḭ ḭ̀ | ú u ɯ̰ ɯ̰̀ | |
| Mid | é e ḛ ḛ̀ | ó o ʌ̰ ʌ̰̀ | |
| Open | á a a̰ à̰ |
Diachronics: to High Thap
- debuccalization: ɓ → ʔ, and b,w → Ø / word-initially before round vowels
- palatalization
- alveolar + j (either order) → palatal
- alveolar → palatal / adjacent to i...
- alveolar + j (either order) → palatal
- /z/ syllabification: z → sə / finally (matches prev. syll. tone)
- coda tonogenesis: codas cause tone shifts on preceding vowels:
- mid vowel + nasals, voiceless stops → high tone
- low vowel + nasals, voiceless stops → rising tone
- voiced stops, aspirated stops → low tone
- implosives, glottal stop → rising tone
- creaky vowels will not raise in any way
- à ą ò ǫ;
- or
- mid /a/, surrounded by two high tones or two low tones
- mid vowel + nasals, voiceless stops → high tone
- central vowel split
- a → ɑ / before (final?) velars, bilabials
- a → æ / elsewhere
- ə → ɨ / adjacent to /j/
- ə → ɯ / adjacent to velars, bilabials
- ə → i / elsewhere
- a → ɑ / before (final?) velars, bilabials
- coda leveling/deletion
- voiceless stops, implosives, and nasals delete
- voiced and aspirated stops become voiceless stops
- prenasalized stops become plain nasal stops
- voiceless stops, implosives, and nasals delete
- onset tonogenesis
- voiceless stop → +1 step up
- voiced stop + mid tone → low tone
- voiced stop + high tone → rising
- implosive or glottal + low tone → mid
- implosive or glottal + high tone → rising
- voiceless stop → +1 step up
- onset levelling: voiced stop → voiceless, unless after a voiced sound
- vowel chain shift (only exact vowels mentioned, these are not categorical)
- ɯ ʌ → ɤ ɑ
- e i → æ e
- a á → ɑ ɑ́
- à ą → æ̀ æ̰
- ɯ ʌ → ɤ ɑ
- weak ending deletion: final vowels deleted if they are...
- mid or open;
- low or creaky-low;
- the preceding syllable is open;
- and
- there are three or more syllables
- mid or open;
- monophthongization
- ei, éí... → i, í...
- éi... → í ("higher tone first vowel drags second, lower vowel upwards")
- ɤɯ → ɯ (same tone ideas)
- ei, éí... → i, í...
- voiced stop → implosive / between creaky vowels
Errors:
- still /z/ issues
- what happened to /ʃ ʒ/
- are ə → i, ə → ɨ conditions accurate?
- near-end monophthongization needs more paramaters settled
- think there are supposed to be more voiced stops (non-implosives) by this stage...
- should double-check some tonogenesis logic
- didn't consider ⁿB or fricatives in tonogenesis
- final written vowel:tone inventory doesn't 100% match ruleset (still have plain /i/ but no /ǐ/, seem to be getting rising /ɤ̰/)
- where did /ɹ ʋ/ come from
At this point the inventory is almost unwieldly in its largeness. (Almost.) There are five stop series (aspirated, voiceless, voiced, implosive, and prenasalized), two new approximants, and eight vowel qualities, most of which occur in each of five tone registers (although there is some asymmetry).
| Consonants | Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Back |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |
| Stop | pʰ p b ɓ ᵐb | tʰ t d ɗ ⁿd | c cʰ ɟ ᶮɟ | kʰ k g ᵑg ʔ |
| Fric | [ɸ] | [θ] s | ç | h |
| Appr. | ʋ | ɹ l | j | w |
| Vowels | Front | Back-wide | Back-round |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | í i ḭ ḭ̀ | ɯ́ ɯ ɯ̀ ɯ̰̀ | ú u ù ǔ |
| Mid | é e ḛ ḛ̀ ě | ɤ̀ ɤ̰̀ | ó o ò ǒ |
| Open | ǽ æ æ̀ æ̰̀ æ̌ | ɑ́ ɑ ɑ̀ ɑ̰̀ ɑ̌ |
Comments
