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This private article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 3 Nov 2020, 11:25.

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Phonemic inventory
Consonants
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Rounded
velar Glottal
Nasal m n
Stop pʰ p b tʰ t d kʰ k g ʔ
Fricative f s x h
Long fricative hː
Tap ɾ
Long trill rː
Approximant l j ʟ w
Long approximant lː jː ʟː wː

Vowels
Front Central Back
High i u
Mid-low ɛ ɛ̃ ɔ ɔ̃
Low a ã
Syllable structure
(C1)V(C2)
C1: a consonant
V: a vowel
C2: a consonant other than a voiced stop (/b d g/)
Allophony
Non-sibilant coronal alveolar nasals [n] persistently become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
Short non-glottal stop voiced stops [b d g] become fricatives [β z ɣ] between a vowel or semivowel and a vowel or semivowel. [d] become [z].
Unaspirated obstruents [p k s ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following consonant other than resonant.
Non-glottal stop unaspirated non-nasal consonants [p f l ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding non-nasal consonant other than resonant.
[ŋ kʰ k g x ɣ ʟ̥ ʟ ʟː̥ ʟː i ɛ ɛ̃ a ã] become rounded before a labial obstruent or nasal. Central vowels become non-low.
Labial obstruents or nasals [m p β ...] persistently assimilate in labiodentality to a following labial obstruent or nasal.
Unaspirated voiceless stops [p p̪ k ...] persistently become ejective [b b̪ kʼ ...] after a non-nasal glottal stop. Labial stops become non-ejective; labial stops become voiced.
Non-ejective unaspirated voiceless stops [p p̪ k ...] become ejective [b b̪ kʼ ...] before a glottal stop. Labial stops become non-ejective; labial stops become voiced.
Nasals [m ɱ ŋ ...] become obstruents [b b̪ g ...] after an obstruent.
Semivowels [jː̥ wː wː̥ ...] persistently become near-high [ɪ̯ː̥ ʊ̯ː ʊ̯ː̥ ...] before a lax vowel.
Near-high semivowels [ɪ̯̥ ʊ̯̥ ɪ̯ː ...] become tense [j̥ w̥ jː ...] before a high vowel or semivowel.
Unaspirated voiceless stops [p t kʼ ...] assimilate in glottalisation to a following non-nasal consonant other than resonant. Before an ejective consonant, labial stops become non-ejective; labial stops become voiced.
Near-high semivowels [ɪ̯̥ ʊ̯̥ ɪ̯ː ...] become tense [j̥ w̥ jː ...] after a high vowel or semivowel.
Velar semivowels [w̥ ʊ̯̥ wː ...] become unrounded [j̥ ɪ̯̥ jː ...] after an unrounded vowel or semivowel.
Non-pharyngeal consonants [ŋʷ g n ...] persistently become front [ɲ ɟ ṉʲ ...] before a palatal semivowel. Rounded consonants become unrounded; alveolar obstruents or nasals become alveopalatal laminal; non-sibilant coronal stops or nasals other than [n] become affricate sibilants; [h hː] become [j̥ jː̥]; [ʔ] become [j].
Mid-low vowels [ɛ œ ɞ̃ ...] become tense [e ø ɵ̃ ...] before a palatal or velar voiced nasal.
Unaspirated voiceless stops [p t kʼ ...] become aspirated [pʰ tʰ kʰ ...] before a glottal fricative. Ejective stops become non-ejective.
Unaspirated stops [p b̪ʲ kʼ ...] persistently become aspirated [pʰ pʰ̪ʲ kʰ ...] after an aspirated consonant. Voiced stops become voiceless; ejective stops become non-ejective.
Some words
/pʰɛutʰ/ [pʰɛutʰ]
/ɛi/ [ɛi]
/dɛdaf/ [dɛzɞf]
/tʰaxa/ [tʰaxa]
/kʰɛnɛx/ [kʰɛnɛx]
/bɛtʔɛ/ [bɛtʼʔɛ]
/ipɛp/ [ypœp]
/pãpʰap/ [pɞ̃pʰɞp]
/tɛtʰɛ/ [tɛtʰɛ]
/sɛfɔ/ [sœfɔ]
/gɔ̃ɔs/ [gɔ̃ɔs]
/pɛtu/ [pɛtu]
/sigɛ/ [siɣɛ]
/tɔtis/ [tɔtis]
/gɛtʰsu/ [gɛtʰsu]
/fifu/ [fyfu]
/xɔ̃/ [xɔ̃]
/dɛtɛ̃/ [dɛtɛ̃]
/fɛkbɔ/ [fɛgʷbɔ]
/ɛ̃fdɛs/ [œ̃vdɛs]
/xɛfif/ [xœfyf]
/xɔ̃xɔ/ [xɔ̃xɔ]
/fɛ̃ɛtʰ/ [fɛ̃ɛtʰ]
/xui/ [xui]
/ɾi/ [ɾi]
/sãha/ [sãha]
/fupi/ [fupi]
/kika/ [kika]
/kɛhɔ/ [kɛhɔ]
/pʰuda/ [pʰuza]
Generated by Gleb version 0.3.1a / 5.0a with seed 1144403085.


Phonemic inventory
Consonants
Labial Laminal
alveolar Velar
Nasal m n̻
Stop p mb t̻ nd̻ k ŋg
Fricative f s̻

Vowels
Front Central Back
High i ĩ u ũ
Mid-high e ẽ o õ
Low a ã
Syllable structure
(C1)V(C2)(C3)

C1: an obstruent or nasal
V: a vowel
C2: a stop or nasal other than a prenasalised stop or /k/; i.e. one of /m n̻ p t̻/
C3: an obstruent or nasal

Allophony
Front vowels [i ĩ e ẽ] persistently become central [ɨ ɨ̃ ɘ ɘ̃] after a velar stop.
Non-pharyngeal obstruents or nasals [m nd̻ t̻ ...] become front [mʲ nd͡ʑ t͡ɕ ...] after a front vowel. Alveolar obstruents or nasals become alveopalatal; [nd̻ t̻] become [nd͡ʑ t͡ɕ].
Labial obstruents or nasals [m mb pʲ ...] persistently assimilate in labiodentality to a following labial obstruent or nasal.
Velar stops [ŋg k] become rounded [ŋgʷ kʷ] before a non-low rounded vowel.
Non-front alveolar obstruents or nasals [n̻ nd̻ t̻ s̻] persistently become palatoalveolar [ṉ nd͡ʒ t͡ʃ ʃ] before an alveopalatal obstruent or nasal. Stops become affricate sibilants.
Nasals [m ɱ n̻ ...] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent.
Non-low central vowels [ɨ ɨ̃ ɘ ɘ̃] become front [i ĩ e ẽ] before a front obstruent or nasal.
Non-pharyngeal non-palatal or velar obstruents or nasals [m ɱb nd͡ʑ ...] persistently assimilate in palatalisation to a following obstruent or nasal. Before a front obstruent or nasal, alveolar obstruents or nasals become alveopalatal; [nd̻ t̻] become [nd͡ʑ t͡ɕ].
Non-pharyngeal obstruents or nasals other than palatal stops or nasals [m ɱb kʷ ...] persistently assimilate in palatalisation to a following obstruent or nasal and become non-front word-finally. Before a front obstruent or nasal, alveolar obstruents or nasals become alveopalatal; rounded stops or nasals become unrounded; [nd̻ t̻] become [nd͡ʑ t͡ɕ].
Obstruents [mb pʲ t͡ʃ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent.
Non-labial obstruents or nasals other than palatal stops or nasals [n̻ ŋgʷ nd͡ʑ ...] assimilate in rounding to a following obstruent or nasal and become unrounded word-finally.
Obstruents or nasals [m ŋg nd͡ʑʷ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal.
Central tense vowels [ɨ ɨ̃ ɘ ɘ̃] become front [i ĩ e ẽ] after a front obstruent or nasal.
Non-glottal stop non-glottal fricative obstruents [mp pʲ̪ t͡ɕ ...] assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent.
Nasals [m̥ n̥̻ nʲ̱ ...] become obstruents [p t̻ t͡ɕ ...] before a voiced obstruent. Voiced nasals become voiceless; palatoalveolar nasals become affricate sibilants.
Non-sibilant coronal alveolar stops [nt̻ nt̻ʷ d̻ ...] become affricate sibilants [nt͡s̻ nt͡s̻ʷ d͡z̻ ...] before a coronal obstruent sibilant.
Non-back non-low vowels [i ɨ ẽ ...] become rounded [y ʉ ø̃ ...] after a rounded obstruent or nasal.
Obstruents or nasals [m̥ nd̻ nt͡ɕ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal.
Some words
/s̻ũũ/ [s̻ũũ]
/ŋgũ/ [ŋgʷũ]
/kãp/ [kãp]
/nd̻ũkkãŋg/ [nd̻ũkkãŋg]
/mõkt̻ũk/ [mõkt̻ũk]
/nd̻ĩ/ [nd̻ĩ]
/nd̻õ/ [nd̻õ]
/t̻ũn̻und̻/ [t̻ũn̻und̻]
/s̻aŋgt̻ik/ [s̻aŋkt̻ic]
/kukmbuk/ [kʷugmbuk]
/t̻uka/ [t̻uka]
/ŋgẽŋgẽ/ [ŋgɘ̃ŋgɘ̃]
/mbat̻kn̻ũŋg/ [mbad̻gn̻ũŋg]
/mbõknd̻õŋg/ [mbõgnd̻õŋg]
/n̻amŋgu/ [n̻agʷŋgʷu]
/ŋguŋgak/ [ŋgʷuŋgak]
/ŋgõkipk/ [ŋgʷõkɨpk]
/n̻ãt̻ŋgfan̻nd̻/ [n̻ãt̻ŋkfad̻nd̻]
/s̻ãmnd̻õ/ [s̻ãd̻nd̻õ]
/t̻õ/ [t̻õ]
/fokpũk/ [fokpũk]
/mãkt̻it̻/ [mãkt̻it͡ʃ]
/n̻ũt̻ũs̻/ [n̻ũt̻ũs̻]
/mas̻nd̻ũnd̻/ [maz̻nd̻ũnd̻]
/ko/ [kʷo]
/n̻õffõk/ [n̻õffõk]
/ŋgĩ/ [ŋgɨ̃]
/õ/ [õ]
/kon̻/ [kʷon̻]
/kĩppã/ [kɨ̃ppã]
Generated by Gleb version 0.3.2 / 5.0a with seed 1173293447.
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