Pronouns
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The formation and declension of pronouns and some associate nouns.
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 10 Jan 2023, 22:34.
[comments] cyupersonalrelativeindefinitepronoun
1. Determiners
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2. Noun Declension
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5. Roots and Stems
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6. Verb Conjugation
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7. Word Formation
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This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
There are a limited set of basic parts from which pronouns are built up. The pronouns made with "hu" can only be the antecedents of those made with "cu", not the other way around.
- cu (P). The basis of the third person: he, she, it, they, that (comparable to Latin is). It equally refers to something in the text as something outside. Is declined in all noun classes cu, co, ci, and ce
- qe (DET). This is a general indefinite determiner which placed with the noun means: some, any, a. It is also used to make the indefinite pronouns. It is never the basis of a pronoun or determiner
- hu (P). It is used for pronouns referring outside the text. The forms i- and u- are used.
- de (PTC). A particle used in the relative clause to refer to the antecedent in the main clause and to form the relative pronouns. If used by its own, it follows the verb.
- vu- (AFF). A collective marker for some of the plural forms.
The personal or definite pronoun has the form ucu (√hc). It is declined in classes in the four noun classes. The translation is generally with the third person pronoun: he, she, it, they, one, that, those. A collective plural exists with the prefix vu- and forms vuucu (√vhc). For people, the animate forms are always used: ici and viici
The base of the personal pronouns of the first and second person are vi (√v)and zyi (√ž) which have a CV declension (see table). They are in principle neither singular nor plural, neither animate nor inanimate.
From these the emphatic pronouns ivi I, izyi you and viizyi you pl. are derived. Since there is no plural of I, there are two other options for we: the word cyuti means one, we. Else a descriptive phrase must be used (izyi non ivi, viici non ivi, etc.)
| vi | zyi | |
|---|---|---|
| ABSAbsolutive (case) TRANS object, INTR argument | vi | zyi |
| GENGenitive (case) possessive | ai / -i | ary / -ry |
| ERGErgative (case) TRANS subject; agent | ii / -yi | iry |
| INSInstrumental (case) 'with', 'using' | ei / -li | ery |
| DATDative (case) indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location | ivi | izyi |
| LOCLocative (case) 'in, on, at' etc | evi / -lvi | ezyi |
| ABLAblative (case) away from | avi | azyi |
The indefinite pronouns are uqu and cuqu. They stand for things which the speaker does not specify further and can be translated with: something, anything, someone, anyone, etc.
With the collective marker, the forms for everything and everybody can be made: vuuqu and vucqu.
1. Since the conjunctive mood alone can introduce the relative clause, the relative pronoun is not always required. An adverbial particle na is used in place of a personal pronoun if the antecedent is the absolutive ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument of the relative verb.
Yita'r kuto tigita's na, yu. I see the house which is green.
Titizar yiki yita's na yu The woman that I see, is tall
2. If the absolutive of the relative clause something else than the antecedent, a personal pronoun must be used. In such cases, the personal pronoun is compounded with the relative particle to make a relative pronoun cudu. It must agree with the object that it refers to.
Titizar yiki yita's na yu. The woman that I see, is tall
titizar
be_tall-INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis yiki
woman.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument yita's
see-CNJVConjunctive (mood)
subordinates or serialises verb na
that.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument u
i.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent
Tirizar yiki yita's ivi isydi. The woman that sees me, is tall
titizar
be_tall-INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis yiki
woman.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument yita's
see-CNJVConjunctive (mood)
subordinates or serialises verb vi
i.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument isydi
that.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent
3. In correlation with ucu, it makes that which.
Yita'r uco tigita's cudo, yu. I see that which is green.
yita'r
see-INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis uco
that.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument tigita's
be_green-CNJVConjunctive (mood)
subordinates or serialises verb na
which u
i.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent
4. If the particle is in the main sentence and refers outide it, the particle becomes ne.
Yita'r kuto yu. Tigita'r ne. I see the house. The one which is green.
5. The declension of the relative pronoun is given in the following table:
| FFeminine gender (gender) feminine or female.ANAnimate (gender/class) alive, moving | FFeminine gender (gender) feminine or female.ABSTAbstract (gender/class) abstract, intangible, idea | MMasculine gender (gender) masculine or male.NATNatural (class) a natural object | MMasculine gender (gender) masculine or male.ARTFArtificial (gender/class) a man-made object | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ABSAbsolutive (case) TRANS object, INTR argument | na | na | na | na |
| GENGenitive (case) possessive | asydi | asyde | asydu | asydo |
| ERGErgative (case) TRANS subject; agent | isydi | isyde | usydu | usydo |
| INSInstrumental (case) 'with', 'using' LOCLocative (case) 'in, on, at' etc[1] | aci' asydi | ace' asyde | acu' asydu | aco' asydo |
| DATDative (case) indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location | ici' | ace' | ucu' | aco' |
| ABLAblative (case) away from | cida | ceda | cuda | coda |
[1] after locative prepositions
Just as the relative particle can be used in correlation with the personal pronoun, it can be used with the indefinite pronoun uqu ... na, cuqu ... na. These are translated as something which, someone who etc. When the antecedent is not the absolutive of the relative verb, the compounded indefinite pronoun cuqdu is used. It is also used in stead of "cudu" if the antecedent is indefinite.
Tibizyar uqu yita's na yu Something which I see is blue
Titizar iqi yita's ivi icqi' Someone who sees me, is tall
Yu yita'r kuto qe ibaza's ivi ucqo' I see some house which makes me happy
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