Overview of Amakane Parts of Speech
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an overview of most grammatical processes in Amakane
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 3 Dec 2018, 17:03. Editing of this article is shared with A Priori Conlangers.
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This section will discuss the verbs.
This particle emphasizes that an action is completed.
In ki i uni ikus an in.
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I AUXAuxilliary PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action clean room POSSPossessive (case)
owns, has 1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
I (have) cleaned my room.
O ko ki i so poine.
PNPronoun.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few 3SMThird person singular masculine (person)
he AUXAuxilliary PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action VBZVerbaliser
converts N, ADJ etc into verb pin
They (male) went bowling (finished bowling
The participle is used as any other adjective.
A nana es hina i meteko pu es tea an ten.
DEFDefinite
"the" mother PCPParticiple
adjectival form of a verb care PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action comfort baby PCPParticiple
adjectival form of a verb cry POSSPossessive (case)
owns, has 3SFThird person singular feminine (person)
she
The caring mother consoled her crying baby.
The gerund is a nominalization of the verb and is used as any other noun.
"Eka eo eta haipe!", 'e koa i emi eka.
that GERGerund
verbal noun bad tasty / DIMDiminutive
a smaller, lesser, weaker etc. version man PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action say that
"That is disgusting!" said the boy.
A reflexive is a pronoun that refers back to the subject of the clause in which it is used.
In ki i samea mu in.
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I AUXAuxilliary PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action pinch REFLReflexive (valency)
argument acts on itself 1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
I pinched myself.
O in ki ua o mu in.
PNPronoun.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few 1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I AUXAuxilliary like PNPronoun.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few REFLReflexive (valency)
argument acts on itself 1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
We like each other.
Valence is the number of arguments of a verb. In Amakane, all verbs are intransitive, and arguments are
optional.
Timpa rim.
rain now
It's raining.
Timpa rim tis.
rain now cold
The rain is cold.
There is no passive in Amakane. The easiest way to reduce valence is to use the reflexive.
In ki i ni a ne tuinise.
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I AUXAuxilliary PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action eat DEFDefinite
"the" DEFDefinite
"the".PLPlural (number)
more than one/few biscuit
I ate the cookies.
A ne tuinise i ni o mu kau.
DEFDefinite
"the" DEFDefinite
"the".PLPlural (number)
more than one/few biscuit PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action eat PNPronoun.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few REFLReflexive (valency)
argument acts on itself 3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee
The cookies were eaten.
You can also simply omit the subject.
A nan i ni a ipi.
DEFDefinite
"the" cat PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action eat DEFDefinite
"the" fish
The cat ate the fish.
I ni a ipi.
PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action eat DEFDefinite
"the" fish
The fish was eaten.
Another option is to replace the subject with ka'a "someone".
A ne re ao ma i kamao u ma.
DEFDefinite
"the" DEFDefinite
"the".PLPlural (number)
more than one/few studier study rock PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action find INDEFIndefinite
a nonspecific referent rock
The geologists discovered a rock.
Ka'a ki i kamao u ma.
someone AUXAuxilliary PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action find INDEFIndefinite
a nonspecific referent rock
Someone discovered a rock.
The normal order of items within a noun phrase:
Determiner
Plural
Possessive
Noun
Adjective(s)
Prepositional phrases
For example:
ang pekati guilt
a ku pangan the doctor
ruawo mia hon many fine pears
u kapam oti akam a laughable mistake
eitau an in my missing right index finger
u to-to ho a very bad cat
a ku uisos tenka sa the mailman at the door
The class of determiners in Amakane is comprised of:
• the articles a/u
• the demonstratives ote/oto
There are two articles: definite and indefinite.
A ne ngengai i tao.
DEFDefinite
"the" DEFDefinite
"the".PLPlural (number)
more than one/few cruise.ship PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action come
The cruise ships arrived.
Ko u tatim-tatim.
3SMThird person singular masculine (person)
he INDEFIndefinite
a nonspecific referent idiot-idiot
He's a complete idiot.
The articles are omitted in possessive phrases. It is also not necessary to repeat the articles with every
reference in a large passage.
Ote and oto are demonstratives, used before the noun.
Ote koa i ni a ne tuinise.
this man PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action eat DEFDefinite
"the" DEFDefinite
"the".PLPlural (number)
more than one/few biscuit
This man ate the cookies.
Oto uipus sesi.
that plane far.away
That plane is far away.
The following chart is provided for reference.
| hai against | pites behind |
| sepo away from | ina beside |
| ene without | wi with |
| neng at (time), during | ikem in front of |
| sa at (place) | tos for |
| ata'a under | etua across |
| mom in, into | emo through |
| aka'a above | kapi on |
| utise outside | ikan between |
| oapam surrounding |
Comments
Edit history
on 03/12/18 17:03+15[Deactivated User]updated
on 02/11/18 15:55-4[Deactivated User]fixed tags
on 02/11/18 15:43+4[Deactivated User]fixed space issues
on 02/11/18 15:42-128[Deactivated User]added tags
on 02/11/18 15:39+173[Deactivated User]made it easier to read
