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Bodin - Gramuary 2019 collection
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what i wrote about cxb in gramuary 2019
This public article was written by [Deactivated User] on 21 Feb 2020, 23:17.

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Politeness
For Bodin, speaking the language "properly" - that is, speaking it the way it's taught to students and foreigners - is as formal as it gets. Informal speech may leave out verbs, objects, modals, and/or tense particles at the speaker's will. Most situations are fairly informal and non-native speakers can be easily picked out by how overly polite they are.

Relative and complement clauses
Standard Bodin has a relative particle de that comes after the noun to begin a relative clause, and then retains the pronoun within the relative clause (e.g. "I see the person, de he is my father"). All positions in the accessibility hierarchy can be relativized.

Although this is often omitted when the relative clause occurs at the end of a sentence, Bodin also has two relative particles that can end a relative clause. The most commonly used is la, which escapes the most recently started relative clause. There is also le, which is used when you have nesting relative clauses or prepositional phrases, and escapes all clauses/phrases. (See also ru, which escapes the most recently started prepositional phrase.)

As for complement clauses, depending on the main verb of the sentence, either de, a preposition (many Bodin prepositions can take an entire clause as their argument), or just a comma may be used to set off the clause.

Quoting and reported speech
Standard Bodin has several quotative particles, which come immediately before the quote:
- scu - direct quotation, this is EXACTLY what they said. Mostly used in written text. ("She said, 'No, sorry, you can't do that.'")
- sca - informal paraphrased quotation, similar to "was like" in English. ("She was like, 'no way will I let you do that'.")
- scei - paraphrasing, not in the original speaker's POV. ("She told them they couldn't do it.")
The quotative particle may just be preceded by a pronoun/name, or by a sentence with a verb like "bor" (tell/say/speak), "car" (shout), etc.

Syntactic pivots
Standard Bodin is, despite what I said in my translations post prior to actually doing the translations, totally nominative-accusative syntactically. It also does not allow dropping pronouns ever, and doesn't have a passive voice, and the only genders are animate vs inanimate. So if you want to say anything like "Jim saw Joe and Joe left", you have to use the name in the second sentence.

Irregularity
Bodin does not have a lot of irregularity. 50% of the irregularity that does exist is a sign of Where I Screwed Up And Was Too Lazy To Fix It. For example:

- In general, adjectives (and genitive nouns) cannot begin with a consonant cluster. When you derive an adjective form from a noun or verb, if it starts with a cluster, you gotta break it up with an "a" between the first and subsequent consonants. However, this is probably the rule I forget the most often. So the dictionary and translations now attest to ston, shnin, bruden, and shtarin. (There were a lot more but I went back awhile ago and fixed most of them.)

- When an adjective or verb is nominalized using the c(a)- -cei circumfix (equivalent to English -ness or -tion), the final -n or -r respectively is supposed to be removed. I did Not do this with clatenshnincei (exploration, literally translates "hunt-new-ness").

- I named one of the classic Bodin epic poems Ram Dashapannin ("ram" story/myth/legend, "da" one who + "sha" without + "panno" death + "-in" adjectival ending) before I had a) decided how adjectival forms of words ending in -o were formed, and b) added the word "panna" peace. It was supposed to mean "legend of the immortal", but now it translates to "legend of the restless one." Oops.

There are a few bits of irregularity I purposely added, though:

- Certain nouns ending in -akh or -ekh (e.g. khenakh, trushekh) decline as though they ended in -akha or -ekha respectively. (The idea is that a final unstressed -a was lost from the singular at some point but still exists in the dual/plural/collective and genitive forms.)

- Some words for paired body parts have an irregular dual form: "hand" bam - barme (regular dual would be *bamare), "foot" dapa - dapre (*dapare), "eyelid" coicarna - coicarne (*coicarnare), "lung" pepri - pepre (*peprire).

- "friend" daparm declines as though it ended in -ns (a much more common noun ending) rather than -m

- "word" bal declines as bala- (from an earlier form)

- "stranger, alien" dakhans declines as dakhanc- (from an earlier form - again, -ns is a very common ending)

- "lord, noble" lasme declines as lasma- (this can be seen in the autonym, cushuscei lasmasun Bodin = language of the nobles of Boden) because it historically ended in -ie which changed to -e at the end of words but to -ia and then -a in the middle of words

- "box" takh declines as takhe- (not takha-) from an earlier form

- "to be" sad, although usually omitted these days, is the only verb to have irregular forms which are basically just slurred versions of what would be the regular form.
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