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Jutisk Grammar
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Conjugation and declension
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 9 Jul 2019, 11:16.

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Menu 1. Nouns 2. Verbs 3. Other Parts of Speech
The noun is one of the commonest parts of speech in Jutisk, and it has evolved to be simpler than the noun in Old High German. All genders have been dropped from the noun, but all five cases are kept, albeit with simplified declension.
Case nameFormation in singularFormation in plural
NominativeThe base form of a nounThis is the second stem of a noun. Some end in -r like a typical German plural, but many others have a vowel added or ablaut, and quite a few take no different form in the nominative plural.
AccusativeThe common type of Jutisk calls for an ending of -n or -ën to be added to the end of the noun, but traditional Jutisk only indicates the difference in the accusative with articles.In common, that same ending is added to the plurals, but in traditional the accusative and nominative are the same in the plurals.
GenitiveAn ending of -ës or -nës is added to the end of the word, but the në in nës is not pronounced by many.That same ending is added to the plural stem, though sometimes a vowel will be dropped. The pronunciation rule still applies.
DativeLengthen any vowel that ends the word (ë becomes é), and add -n if it ends in a liquid or a long vowel already.Add -ën, -n if it ends in ë, or -nën, pronounced -n, to the end of the word.
InstrumentalDrop any vowel at the end of the word, add -úDrop any vowel at the end of the plural stem, add -ú

Nouns also have a definite form. In common Jutisk, all cases and numbers of a noun have the same definite form, but traditional Jutisk does not use that form for the accusative, it instead uses dën. The definite form modifies the first letter of a noun. All vowels have a predictable definite form of adding d’ before it, and pronouncing that as just d. Note that de is actually pronounced like dë always in traditional Jutisk, even if it varies in common Jutisk. The definite form is also used for many surnames.
SpellingPronunciation
De’bDv
D’ç
D’chʈ
De’dd
D’fDv
D’g
D’gn
D’hdʒ (traditional and some common) or t (common)
D’j
De’kk
De’mdəm
De’ndən
De’ngdəŋ
De’pp
De’pfdv:
D’qu or De’quk
D’rdr
D’s
De’td
De’thdz
D’vdv
D’wDv
D’x
D’z


Verbs decline for number and “tense”, which is really just TAM combinations. The verb stem is formed by dropping the infinitive ending, ën. A verb starting with a back vowel in the root undergoes ablaut to form the simple past stem; all other verbs add -t or -ët before their endings.
Tense name1s2s3s1p2p3p
Present -is-ët-emés-etés-ënd
Simple Past ---ën-ën-ën
Present Dependent -és-émes-étes-énd
Simple Past Dependent -i-ëí-iíí

Here is an example verb bringën (to bring), which has a non-umlaut simple past stem, conjugated.
1s2s3s1p2p3p
Present bringëbringisbringëtbringemésbringetésbringënd
Simple Past bringëtbringëtëbringëtbringëtënbringëtënbringëtën
Present Dependent bringëbringësbringëbringémesbringétesbringénd
Past Dependent bringëtibringëtëíbringëtibringëtíbringëtíbringëtí

The complex tenses will be added in a bit.
Simple Passive. Add the past participle jwesën, pronounced like jësën, or, traditionally, jesën, as a non-tensed element to a normal form of the verb.
There are also a handful of non-tensed forms. The infinitive is the base form of a verb and ends in -ën. There is also a simple past infinitive, which is formed by adding -ën to the simple past stem. The present active participle is formed by adding -antë to the verb stem, and the past passive participle is formed by adding gë- before the infinitive.

[edit] [top]Other Parts of Speech

Adjectives agree with nouns in all aspects of form, including definiteness in common, but not traditional Jutisk. A handful of adjectives do have irregular forms; those are sometimes considered analogous to demonstratives. Adverbs end in -ën, and agree with verbs in all forms, except for auxiliaries. Both adjectives and adverbs can be made substantive. The adverbial substantive can mean either be an adjective or do adverbially, depending on context. If an adverb is not listed in the dictionary, it is no more complex than just adding -ën to the adjective form. Numerals behave like adjectives.
Pronouns must be introduced by being part of a noun clause in the dative, where the head noun in the clause is the one represented by the pronoun, before they can be used on their own in speech. This is sometimes broken by personal pronouns in common speech, but traditionally, and to many speakers of common Jutisk, only a handful of dummy pronouns can break that rule.

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