Verbs

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tense, aspect, mood, and valency

This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 11 Aug 2019, 23:23.

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Tense
There are six tense/aspect prefixes, which can be combined for additional specificity: past, present, future, terminating, progressive, initiating.

PASPast action occurred before moment of speech	PREPresent	FUTFuture (tense) action occurring after the moment of speech	-
go	be	da	-	-
gro	bre	dra	ro	TERMTerminative (case) 'up to [this point]'
gle	ble	la	le	PROGProgressive (aspect) be verb-ing
gjo	bja	dʒa	ja	INITUnknown code

Mood
Mood is communicated both by word order, and by a special suffix-like construct. There are four moods, arranged like so:

	SV	VS (inverted)
(base)	realis	deontic
m	conditional	epistemic

For realis (a statement of fact) or conditional moods, the word order remains SVO. For deontic (what should be true) or epistemic (what may be true) moods, the word order is VSO. These pairs of moods are distinguished by a suffix that goes on the verb after the valency suffix. The specific suffix generally follows the pattern of attaching an m, followed by a copy of the valency's vowel, as detailed in the mood table in the +m row.

Valency
Valency is marked via a suffix, where the baseline valency of two is unmarked. Verbs which natively end in consonants are marked via a vowel (a, o, ex), while vowel-final verbs are marked with consonants (k/c, w, xe) detailed in the following table:

valency	1	2	3	+
consonant	a	-	o	ex
vowel	k/c	-	w	xe
+m	(a)ma	(u)m	(o)mo	(e)mxe

Keep in mind that c and x represent the /ʃ/ and /ʒ/ sounds.

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