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Sound Shifts of Hyperborean
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This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 5 Aug 2021, 22:12.

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Sound Changes from Proto-Germanic to Ur-Hyperborean

ô-Fracturing: Unstressed /ô/ reduces to /a/ and changes the stressed vowel:
Proto-Germanic /e/ > /eo~ea/ > Ur-Hyperborean /ei/, e.g. PG *hertô "heart" > *heorta > UH *cheirta
Proto-Germanic /i/ > Ur-Hyperborean /ai/, e.g. PG *libarô "liver" > UH *laibara

a-Fracturing: Unstressed /a/ changes the stressed vowel:
Proto-Germanic /a/ > Ur-Hyperborean /au/, e.g. PG *apal(j)az "apple" > UH *aupal(j)ar
Proto-Germanic /au/ > Ur-Hyperborean /eu/, e.g. PG *auga(m) "eye" > UH *eucham
Proto-Germanic /e/ (> /ae/ ?) > Ur-Hyperborean /i/, e.g. PG *ermanaz "great" > UH *irmanar
Proto-Germanic /i/ > Ur-Hyperborean /ai/, e.g. PG *fiskaz "fish" > UH *faiscar
Proto-Germanic /o/ > Ur-Hyperborean /ou/, e.g. PG *blôþa(m) "blood" > UH *bloutham

i-Umlaut: Proto-Germanic /i/ in an unstressed syllable changes a preceding root vowel:
Proto-Germanic /a/ > Ur-Hyperborean /æ/, e.g. PG *falisaz "rock" > UH *fælisar
Proto-Germanic /au/ > Ur-Hyperborean /eu/, e.g. PG *draugiz "dry" > UH *dreuchir
Proto-Germanic /o/ > Ur-Hyperborean /ö/, e.g. PG *groniz "green" > UH *chrönnir
Proto-Germanic /u/ > Ur-Hyperborean /y/, e.g. PG *dunstiz "mist, haze" > UH *dynstir

u-Umlaut: Proto-Germanic /u/ in an unstressed syllable changes a preceding root vowel:
Proto-Germanic /a/ > Ur-Hyperborean /ö/, e.g. PG *barkuz "bark" > UH *börcur

n-Dropping: final /n/ is dropped.

Rhotacism: Proto-Germanic /z/ > Ur-Hyperborean /r/ in all positions.
Development of /ch/: Proto-Germanic /g/, /h/ > Ur-Hyperborean /ch/ in all positions.

/nk/ to /cc/: PG *drenkan > UH *dricca
/ng/ to /nn/: PG *ganga > UH *chaunna

Sound Changes from Ur-Hyperborean to Early Hyperborean

Vowel degradation in unstressed syllables: Unstressed vowels generally become /e/. This causes further sound changes in preceding syllables.
UH /a/ > EH /æ/, e.g. UH *asca "fire" > EH æsce
UH /ai/ > EH /ei/, e.g. UH *ainar "one" > EH einere
UH /ei/ > EH /i/, e.g. UH *eirtha "earth" > EH irthe
UH /ou/ > EH /eu/, e.g. UH *bloutham "blood" > EH bleutheme
UH /u/ > EH /ou/, e.g. UH *luchna "water" > EH louchne

However, final UH /ur/ becomes /u/ with no sound changes: *wurtwölur "root" > wurdwölu (instead of *wourdwölu).

e-Epenthesis: /e/ is appended after a final consonant, except for /s/. However, /e/ is added after final /s/ in nouns, verbs and adjectives (due to interparadigmatic assimilation):
UH *cheubidam "head" > EH cheubdeme (with syncope)
UH *wis "we" > EH wis
UH *lus "louse" > EH luse

ja-splitting: UH /ja/ > EH /eie/.
E.g. PG *leg(j)an "lie, recline" > UH *lichja > EH licheie

/st/ > /sj/
e.g. UH *dynstir "air, mist" > EH dynsjere

/tj/ > /sj/
e.g. UH *sitja "sit > EH sisjeie

/sp/ > /sc/
e.g. UH *spaicar "long, poky" > EH sceicere

/tw/ > /dw/
e.g. UH twaina > EH dweine

/p/-lenition: /p/ becomes /b/ in all positions.

Sound Changes from Early Hyperborean to Classical Hyperborean

e-Syncope: Classical Hyperborean aims to contract words into fewer syllables through deletion of unstressed vowels (not only /e/). This leads to further assimilation and/or metathesis.
EH neueire "new" > CH neure
EH maunnere "man" > (*maunnre >) CH maunne
EH bauchmere "tree" > CH baumchre
EH oudereme "female breast, udder" > CH ourthme (with /d/-lenition, see below)
EH eibnethe "plain" > (*eithbne >) CH eithmne
EH woulcnere "cloud" > CH oulncre

The ending -lere is not syncopated after a consonant: vouchlere, aublere, tauchlere etc., but aulre, baulre etc.

In undeclinable words, final /e/ may also be deleted: thaun "then" (< EH thaune), teil "to, till" (< EH teile), ic (besides more emphatic icce) "I" etc.

/u#/ to /e#/: The u-declension from Early Hyperborean is assimilated into the (sole remaining) e-declension:
e.g. EH chöndu "hand" > CH chönde

/w/-vocalization: /w/ becomes vocalic in the following way:
EH /wa(u)/ > CH /ou/, e.g. EH swaurtere "black" > CH sourtre
EH /we/ > CH /eu/, e.g. EH chwelbere "round" > CH cheulbre
EH /w(e)i/ > CH /oi/, e.g. EH cwithrere "stomach" > CH coithre
EH /w(o)u/ > CH /ou/, e.g. EH wurdwölu "root" > CH ourthöle

If a word ends in /we/, the cluster becomes /eue/: EH tounchwe "tongue" > CH touncheue etc.

If a vowel precedes the cluster immediately, it is dragged into the process and deleted:
EH cniweme "knee" > CH cneume
EH bauweie "build" > ( bauwe >) CH boie

/f/-lenition: EH /f/ becomes CH /v/ in all positions.

/d/-lenition: EH /VdV/ and /dw/ becomes CH /th/. (Syncope may occur afterwards.)
Hence EH sideme "seed" > CH sithme, but EH cheubdeme "head" > CH cheudme.

/s#/ to /th#/: Word-final /s/ becomes /th/.

/sc/ to /s(s)/:
EH æsce "fire" > CH æsse
EH sceicere "long, poky" > CH seicre

However, /sc/ stays intact if followed by a consonant (EH scriceie "speech" > CH scrice), including e-syncope across syllable boundaries: EH feiscere "fish" > CH veiscre.

/chC/ to /C/: e.g. EH chnæcce "neck" > CH næcce.

/eie/ to /e/: The EH cluster /eie/ is reduced to /e/, e.g. EH saubeie "to know" > CH saube.

Miscellany
- leceure "yellow" (< EH lecwere) shows an irregular deletion of the stressed vowel in PG *elekwaz > UH *ilecwar.
- thönde "tooth" (< EH thöntu) is from UH *tönthur < PG *tanþuz.
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