Patanjan verbs
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Verb conjugation
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 20 May 2016, 00:38.
[comments] ptnpatanjanverbs
1. Patanjan verbs
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2. Patnajan's nouns
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This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
Patanjan verbal word has the following affixes:
PERSON2-PERSON1-ROOT-TR-MODE-ASP-TENSE/PL
Patnajan is an ergative language, but the person marking functions according to the hierarchh of animacy. The position marked as PERSON1 is used for the subject of transitive verbs and the higher person in the hierarchy for transitive verbs (1>2>3). The position marked as PERSON2 is used for the other argument of transitive verbs. The prefixes that can appear in this position also include case, so the role of both arguments becomes clear.
Person 1 prefixes are u-~w- for 1st person, g-~ŋ- for second and f- for interrogative. The first ones are used when a vowel follows, and the second ones if it's before a consonant. The first person tends to have metathesis with a followin consonant, and this alternation produces further changes in some consonants.
Person 2 prefixes are in the following table:
| ABS | ERG | |
|---|---|---|
| 2 | cä | ka |
| 3.gen | yä | la |
| 3.hum | bï | bü |
| 3.anim | yä | la |
| plant | xe | |
| 1d | tah | |
| 2d | rï | |
| 3d | su | |
| INTERR | i |
Of the 3rd person, the one markes as general is used when there is a NP present in the sentence that corresponds with it. If it's anaphoric, the other prefixes are used. This same prefixxes can be used as verb classifiers, and as such can appear in antipassive verbs. Non-animate classes don't have ergative forms.
BiYensus soki büAnïspa.
DEFDefinite
"the".HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-Yensus 3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee-kill-RECRecent past tense (tense)
events which occurred in the recent past DEFDefinite
"the".HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-Anispa
Anispa killed Yensus.
Bisoki büAnïspa.
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument.HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human-kill-RECRecent past tense (tense)
events which occurred in the recent past DEFDefinite
"the".HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-Anispa
Anispa killed him.
Yesoki büAnispa
Anispa killed it (an animal).
BiYensus busoki.
Someone killed Yensus.
BiYensus losoki.
An animal killed Yensus.
Soktesi büAnïspa
Anispa was killing.
Bisoktesi büAnïspa.
Anispa was killing (people)
Yesoktesi BüAnïspa.
Anispa was killing (animals)
There are also special forms for the reflexive of the verbs: pV- for 1st, gV- for 2nd and ra- for 3rd. The interrogative is rai-
Here are some examples of conjugation:
Sok: to kill
| 1.ABS | 2.ABS | 3.ABS | ?.ABS | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.ERG | posok | cäwsok | yäwsok | ufsok/pofsok |
| 2.ERG | kawsok | gosok | yäŋsok | kafsok/gofsok |
| 3.ERG | lawsok | laŋsok | sok/rasok | ofsok |
| ?.ERG | iwsok | iŋsok | isok | ifsok/rafsok |
| käk, to hit | 1.ABS | 2.ABS | 3.ABS | ?.ABS |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.ERG | päkäk | cäpak | yäpäk | ufkak/päfkäk |
| 2.ERG | kapäk | gäkäk | yäŋkäk | kafkäk/gäfkäk |
| 3.ERG | lapäk | laŋkäk | käk/rakäk | äfkäk |
| ?.ERG | ipäk | iŋkäk | ikäk | ifkäk/rafkäk |
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